00:00:00.000 and officials were overwhelmed and then 00:00:03.53000:00:03.540 it became a problem as for how do you 00:00:04.91000:00:04.920 manage so many dead bodies because you 00:00:07.76000:00:07.770 see there is a legal process any a 00:00:09.35000:00:09.360 natural death has to be dealt with in a 00:00:11.50900:00:11.519 particular way not only that to add to 00:00:14.24000:00:14.250 that was a problem of disposal of the 00:00:15.89000:00:15.900 bodies human bodies plus animals so that 00:00:22.07000:00:22.080 was another major crisis which we went 00:00:23.87000:00:23.880 underwent and after two days official 00:00:27.47000:00:27.480 figures say around three thousand people 00:00:29.50900:00:29.519 died in the immediate aftermath of the 00:00:31.46000:00:31.470 leak 00:00:33.72900:00:33.739 Bhopal residents believe the real total 00:00:36.56000:00:36.570 was much higher the estimates they said 00:00:38.81000:00:38.820 at least seven thousand shrouds were 00:00:40.79000:00:40.800 needed to cover the dead 00:00:43.75000:00:43.760 but the devastation did not end with the 00:00:46.00000:00:46.010 dead of the first few hours in fact the 00:00:52.27000:00:52.280 real horror of that night was only just 00:00:54.91000:00:54.920 beginning 00:01:14.37000:01:14.380 in Calabasas from a coup an takuna can 00:02:27.34000:02:27.350 push with 20 and that the gullible home 00:02:30.40000:02:30.410 thank Amy happens careful that he fancy 00:02:37.27000:02:37.280 like gas in human you mama when the 00:02:41.58000:02:41.590 landmark of Arab see he was the absolute 00:02:46.02000:02:46.030 value the absolute cocoa subsided it 00:02:49.53900:02:49.549 gasps yeah went to Castle eyes 00:02:53.21000:02:53.220 like you know J package with no I can't 00:02:58.85000:02:58.860 a time come don't need to me have I got 00:03:01.52000:03:01.530 any Indian yet but good I can't I be 00:03:04.97000:03:04.980 kind of very very long time how 00:03:13.75000:03:13.760 complaining good me can't a lockdown 00:03:26.83000:03:26.840 Kournikova yeah yeah to make goulash 00:03:29.48000:03:29.490 with man cut my map that way means what 00:03:32.15000:03:32.160 I am actively yeah yeah the weapon he 00:03:34.37000:03:34.380 can become a mutation it work Gina Pam 00:03:51.38000:03:51.390 Carter mere formality by boutique mi 00:04:02.32000:04:02.330 casa Cabana 00:04:03.83000:04:03.840 T Libya the yeah yeah we can't I we can 00:04:08.36000:04:08.370 China clever nuclear so no but here John 00:04:12.19900:04:12.209 Kaku liber came in Jimmy have quality 00:04:16.22000:04:16.230 time black music I love the consumer so 00:04:21.44000:04:21.450 good even when Louie why would he been 00:04:24.29000:04:24.300 alive 00:04:44.95000:04:44.960 Bob how long a decoupling yeah hah yeah 00:04:48.55000:04:48.560 hah 00:04:49.51000:04:49.520 melanca pin book that book cover new cub 00:04:52.63000:04:52.640 Amir Sahib in petty side girl cool San 00:04:57.64000:04:57.650 Antonio walk with what genes can pin son 00:05:48.13000:05:48.140 he was type in 2x 00:05:49.89000:05:49.900 additives and accompany you he some kind 00:05:58.93000:05:58.940 to make you I saw Salina long Carolina 00:06:06.01000:06:06.020 Bachmann Takei from Lord of man no no we 00:06:09.37000:06:09.380 do kicked off I say ha 00:06:14.46900:06:14.479 in contrast with phosgene m.i.c was 00:06:17.79900:06:17.809 stored in three vast tanks originally 00:06:20.55900:06:20.569 buried in a concrete bunker near the 00:06:22.39000:06:22.400 edge of the plant 40 feet long in 8 feet 00:06:26.73900:06:26.749 in diameter each was capable of holding 00:06:29.46900:06:29.479 42 tons of the potentially lethal 00:06:32.11000:06:32.120 chemical 00:06:38.21900:06:38.229 we're phosgene was a famous killer kept 00:06:41.17000:06:41.180 in small quantities m.i.c was stored on 00:06:44.40900:06:44.419 a scale that would kill thousands 00:06:55.85000:06:55.860 8:45 the pipes that were being washed 00:06:59.40000:06:59.410 started to become choked with the dirt 00:07:01.77000:07:01.780 being carried by the water the nozzles 00:07:06.99000:07:07.000 became blocked and water began to back 00:07:09.03000:07:09.040 up flowing into one of the main pipe 00:07:11.49000:07:11.500 systems that ran throughout the plant 00:07:16.14000:07:16.150 mi sees very handy stuff it reacts to 00:07:19.11000:07:19.120 produce particular molecules that we 00:07:22.41000:07:22.420 probably couldn't reach easily by other 00:07:24.17000:07:24.180 chemistry so it's really useful to the 00:07:26.88000:07:26.890 chemist he can build things in a way 00:07:28.53000:07:28.540 that he wouldn't otherwise be able to do 00:07:30.72000:07:30.730 it's also reactive which means that 00:07:33.15000:07:33.160 things that haven't happened fast we 00:07:35.07000:07:35.080 yeah we don't need very long reaction 00:07:37.35000:07:37.360 times and we tend to get perhaps cleaner 00:07:39.57000:07:39.580 chemistry for your waste products 00:07:41.61000:07:41.620 however the reactivity is a problem it 00:07:44.88000:07:44.890 means that it's going to react with a 00:07:47.07000:07:47.080 whole range of things it might come into 00:07:48.63000:07:48.640 contact with water for example or worse 00:07:51.45000:07:51.460 still people keeping m.i.c apart from 00:07:54.87000:07:54.880 water is vital because if the two 00:07:57.09000:07:57.100 liquids mix anybody nearby would be in 00:07:59.76000:07:59.770 serious danger mi c is a highly irritant 00:08:04.41000:08:04.420 gas it has two important physical 00:08:07.05000:08:07.060 properties that make it particularly 00:08:08.43000:08:08.440 unpleasant the first is that it's very 00:08:10.38000:08:10.390 soluble in water and the second is that 00:08:13.59000:08:13.600 it vaporizes or boils at a temperature 00:08:16.38000:08:16.390 almost exactly the same as as the body 00:08:19.20000:08:19.210 this means that if you inhale mi C at 00:08:21.66000:08:21.670 low concentrations it's going to effect 00:08:23.79000:08:23.800 in the first place there's parts of your 00:08:25.35000:08:25.360 body that are wet which will absorb the 00:08:27.06000:08:27.070 end mi see that's your eyes your mouth 00:08:29.22000:08:29.230 your throat and your upper Airways at 00:08:33.03000:08:33.040 high enough concentrations it'll get the 00:08:34.98000:08:34.990 whole way down to that part of your lung 00:08:36.60000:08:36.610 where oxygen is transferred into your 00:08:38.22000:08:38.230 bloodstream and very similar to the 00:08:40.26000:08:40.270 effects of phosgene if that part of your 00:08:42.81000:08:42.820 lung is damaged then serum will flood 00:08:45.15000:08:45.160 from your bloodstream into your lungs 00:08:46.80000:08:46.810 and you'll die from a sort of internal 00:08:48.96000:08:48.970 drowning with water flooding the pipes 00:08:53.22000:08:53.230 time was running out the tank should 00:08:55.98000:08:55.990 have been protected from contamination 00:08:57.86000:08:57.870 but a catalog of failures was about to 00:09:00.66000:09:00.670 have the most terrible consequences for 00:09:03.12000:09:03.130 the people of both 00:09:12.06000:09:12.070 the tragedy at Bhopal happened when some 00:09:15.55000:09:15.560 35 tons of a lethal chemical called 00:09:18.22000:09:18.230 methyl isocyanate reacted with water and 00:09:21.22000:09:21.230 vaporized thousands of people in the 00:09:24.13000:09:24.140 shanty town that surrounds the plant 00:09:25.81000:09:25.820 were gassed dying in the same horrific 00:09:29.02000:09:29.030 way that soldiers were killed in the 00:09:31.06000:09:31.070 first world war the disaster was due to 00:09:34.93000:09:34.940 an amazing combination of circumstances 00:09:37.29000:09:37.300 had each happened on their own the 00:09:39.97000:09:39.980 accident would never have occurred in 00:09:43.36000:09:43.370 terms of designing chemical plants there 00:09:45.07000:09:45.080 are really two sorts of safety one is 00:09:47.56000:09:47.570 designing the plant to be safe in the 00:09:49.12000:09:49.130 first place and second is operating it 00:09:51.82000:09:51.830 safely and at boat pawl there were 00:09:53.86000:09:53.870 problems in both areas three hours to go 00:09:58.93000:09:58.940 until the catastrophic release the first 00:10:02.53000:10:02.540 of many hundreds of liters of water 00:10:04.30000:10:04.310 found their way from a routine cleaning 00:10:06.79000:10:06.800 operation into the main pipe system that 00:10:09.52000:10:09.530 ran throughout the factory it should 00:10:12.37000:10:12.380 have been impossible for the water to 00:10:13.99000:10:14.000 get very far but mistake number one had 00:10:17.44000:10:17.450 already been made a safety procedure 00:10:20.77000:10:20.780 existed to isolate sections of pipeline 00:10:23.77000:10:23.780 before they were cleaned 00:10:28.86000:10:28.870 a simple piece of metal called a slip 00:10:31.50000:10:31.510 blind is inserted and the bolts turn up 00:10:34.47000:10:34.480 tight achieving an impenetrable seal 00:10:38.21000:10:38.220 incredibly this procedure was often 00:10:41.16000:10:41.170 ignored at Bhopal to install a step line 00:10:44.25000:10:44.260 like this would probably take about two 00:10:45.99000:10:46.000 hours and you would have had to wear a 00:10:47.88000:10:47.890 lot of protective clothing because when 00:10:49.95000:10:49.960 you undid the bolts of these flanges the 00:10:53.49000:10:53.500 possibility of chemicals splashing onto 00:10:55.35000:10:55.360 you would be there if one of these small 00:10:58.44000:10:58.450 pieces of steel had been inserted into 00:11:00.54000:11:00.550 the process pipeline in all probability 00:11:03.32900:11:03.339 this disaster would not have happened by 00:11:08.34000:11:08.350 now in 30 the warship was able to travel 00:11:10.98000:11:10.990 freely through the hundreds of metres of 00:11:12.93000:11:12.940 pipe that separated the main plant from 00:11:15.78000:11:15.790 the m.i.c storage area and its deadly 00:11:18.32900:11:18.339 content 00:11:25.17000:11:25.180 the disaster could still have been 00:11:26.94000:11:26.950 averted however had the gauges in the 00:11:29.49000:11:29.500 factories control room been trustworthy 00:11:32.12000:11:32.130 when this plant was designed and 00:11:34.17000:11:34.180 installed the instrumentation here was 00:11:36.99000:11:37.000 probably state of that as far as India 00:11:38.82000:11:38.830 goes over the years lack of maintenance 00:11:41.24000:11:41.250 contributed to the instruments given 00:11:43.71000:11:43.720 faulty readings from time to time which 00:11:45.75000:11:45.760 probably led to the operators and to the 00:11:48.36000:11:48.370 staff not taking the readings very 00:11:50.34000:11:50.350 seriously m.i.c is kept under pressure 00:11:54.66000:11:54.670 with inert gas to stop anything from 00:11:56.94000:11:56.950 getting into the tank but for six weeks 00:11:59.85000:11:59.860 the pressure gauge had read virtually 00:12:01.92000:12:01.930 zero it was presumed that the gauge was 00:12:04.59000:12:04.600 faulty in fact there was a leaky valve 00:12:08.58000:12:08.590 connecting the tank to the plant's main 00:12:10.59000:12:10.600 pipe system if gas could get out then 00:12:15.57000:12:15.580 water could get in 00:12:23.34000:12:23.350 by approximately 10 o'clock the 00:12:26.34000:12:26.350 contamination had started 00:12:31.48000:12:31.490 the reaction of em I see em water 00:12:33.28000:12:33.290 generates carbon dioxide is one of its 00:12:35.47000:12:35.480 products it also generates heat of 00:12:38.07900:12:38.089 course the heat starts to warm the 00:12:39.69900:12:39.709 mixture it's an exothermic reaction as 00:12:42.12900:12:42.139 we call it what I'm going to do is a 00:12:45.10000:12:45.110 similar reaction that obviously uses 00:12:47.37900:12:47.389 much safer chemicals this material is 00:12:55.96000:12:55.970 going to behave rather like EMI see did 00:13:02.12900:13:02.139 the material I'm adding is in effect the 00:13:05.16900:13:05.179 water that was that came into the vessel 00:13:12.79000:13:12.800 we add that and as you can see gas 00:13:18.26000:13:18.270 bubbles start to form water is denser 00:13:21.77000:13:21.780 than m.i.c so it falls to the bottom of 00:13:24.26000:13:24.270 the vessel the first part of the 00:13:28.01000:13:28.020 reaction takes place where the two 00:13:29.75000:13:29.760 layers of liquid meet so this looks 00:13:33.29000:13:33.300 exactly like the MIT water interface 00:13:35.24000:13:35.250 would we're generating bubbles at the 00:13:38.81000:13:38.820 boundary between the two liquid layers 00:13:41.05000:13:41.060 but the key issue is the heat this heat 00:13:44.42000:13:44.430 heats up the reaction mixture the 00:13:46.28000:13:46.290 temperature rises when the temperature 00:13:48.41000:13:48.420 rises the reaction speeds up and in turn 00:13:51.29000:13:51.300 generates heat even faster it's what we 00:13:53.69000:13:53.700 call a runaway even with water in the 00:14:00.29000:14:00.300 tank it should have been possible to 00:14:02.24000:14:02.250 control the situation m.i.c has to be 00:14:05.72000:14:05.730 kept cool and the tanks were housed in a 00:14:08.15000:14:08.160 concrete bunker insulating them from the 00:14:10.73000:14:10.740 fierce heat of Central India 00:14:13.82000:14:13.830 there was also a cooling system 00:14:15.64000:14:15.650 controlled from a purpose-built 00:14:17.47000:14:17.480 refrigeration plant the senior 00:14:22.10000:14:22.110 management however had decided to switch 00:14:25.49000:14:25.500 it off but Nagisa labonte this wasn't 00:14:28.79000:14:28.800 running on the night of the tragedy in 00:14:30.56000:14:30.570 fact it had been off since May 84 the 00:14:34.25000:14:34.260 coolant inside had been removed and it 00:14:36.35000:14:36.360 was permanently disabled switching the 00:14:40.76000:14:40.770 refrigeration off was an insane thing to 00:14:43.28000:14:43.290 do these reactions these exothermic 00:14:45.44000:14:45.450 runaway reactions take place when we're 00:14:48.41000:14:48.420 generating more heat than we can remove 00:14:50.45000:14:50.460 the refrigeration system was there to 00:14:52.79000:14:52.800 remove Heat switching it off made this 00:14:55.52000:14:55.530 instant much much more likely incredibly 00:14:59.27000:14:59.280 another safety device had been bypassed 00:15:01.85000:15:01.860 in defiance of Union carbides own 00:15:04.64000:15:04.650 operating instructions 00:15:09.37000:15:09.380 see now the reaction is getting quite 00:15:11.77000:15:11.780 enthusiastic getting some bubbles some 00:15:14.95000:15:14.960 droplets of liquid coming out at the top 00:15:16.75000:15:16.760 of the vessel and if this were an 00:15:19.72000:15:19.730 industrial scale vessel we would have a 00:15:21.97000:15:21.980 significant emergency on our hands 00:15:24.36000:15:24.370 at Bhopal there was a machine 00:15:26.86000:15:26.870 purpose-built to deal with toxic gases a 00:15:29.53000:15:29.540 device known as a vent gas scrubber 00:15:42.90000:15:42.910 Kakuma team I saw so you have to be 00:15:46.39000:15:46.400 Jakob non-government said I've been 00:15:48.43000:15:48.440 carbon downside god what the Coon Julian 00:15:52.75000:15:52.760 and I'm like up 30 some can go cool 00:15:55.74000:15:55.750 Tanja relevant am become development a 00:15:58.54000:15:58.550 high from one of my top caliber 00:16:00.28000:16:00.290 exothermic Okumura bikini agua noon come 00:16:03.97000:16:03.980 come 00:16:04.87000:16:04.880 me too I saw see any remnants our math 00:16:07.00000:16:07.010 teacher - an operating Sam Lloyd easy ma 00:16:09.79000:16:09.800 Kelly you have to take up now who when 00:16:13.09000:16:13.100 what nah man come here come come long 00:16:16.50000:16:16.510 forgotten typing until noon Kelly she 00:16:19.24000:16:19.250 may have hidden come come with you I saw 00:16:21.67000:16:21.680 say a near these type along and let in 00:16:24.37000:16:24.380 some more even act with me hey I come on 00:16:26.86000:16:26.870 demand you long animal quarantine 00:16:29.20000:16:29.210 somewhat Nick who could have been named 00:16:37.57000:16:37.580 because I'm I didn't he did it man 00:16:39.67000:16:39.680 didn't type in ITIN and palm and pin 00:16:42.25000:16:42.260 calm down I salute my colleague Dan Dan 00:16:45.22000:16:45.230 like a coon couldn't have to try to blab 00:16:47.95000:16:47.960 it at all mi see ya 00:16:56.46000:16:56.470 why have 1/3 diameter you recom 5 how I 00:17:02.02000:17:02.030 met you 00:18:29.31000:18:29.320 yeah I can try 00:18:32.38000:18:32.390 no God what I know I got this heart 00:18:35.86000:18:35.870 about what if in Vidalia and been denied 00:18:37.87000:18:37.880 oh no I could to be like cheer 00:18:40.41000:18:40.420 ha ha ha Visalia Amy Safir Dona yeah the 00:18:46.15000:18:46.160 park on test may want to burn high 00:18:48.91000:18:48.920 pressure testing hydro static testing my 00:18:53.50000:18:53.510 part will come down to telecom operator 00:18:56.61000:18:56.620 to catch oh god my Banga blue 00:19:38.44000:19:38.450 let me capture you HR divine have 00:19:42.31000:19:42.320 provided call choco I've gone let go 00:19:45.75000:19:45.760 yeah yeah 00:19:49.48000:19:49.490 think that table passing along believe a 00:19:58.78000:19:58.790 nun do I have at Bhopal there was a 00:20:04.24000:20:04.250 machine purpose-built to deal with toxic 00:20:06.61000:20:06.620 gases a device known as a vent gas 00:20:09.61000:20:09.620 scrubber yeah mobile plant covering DISA 00:20:13.30000:20:13.310 scrabbling this is the event guest 00:20:16.03000:20:16.040 scrubber we had at Beau pearl 00:20:19.59000:20:19.600 it works by neutralizing toxic gas 00:20:22.69000:20:22.700 before releasing it into the atmosphere 00:20:25.68000:20:25.690 without go yes Karabakh on the night 00:20:28.51000:20:28.520 though it was switched off the 00:20:30.04000:20:30.050 maintenance mystic on special Tara 00:20:36.13000:20:36.140 even if this vital piece of equipment 00:20:38.02000:20:38.030 had been on it was too small to cope 00:20:40.84000:20:40.850 with the quantity of m.i.c that was now 00:20:42.85000:20:42.860 out of control 00:20:51.72000:20:51.730 this is really bubbling violently now 00:20:56.66000:20:56.670 see lots of gas being generated and of 00:21:00.08000:21:00.090 course at Bhopal the whole thing was 00:21:02.33000:21:02.340 happening on a scale a hundred thousand 00:21:04.01000:21:04.020 times bigger there's absolutely nothing 00:21:07.64000:21:07.650 that could be done to slow this down 00:21:10.87000:21:10.880 heat is being generated so fast that on 00:21:14.27000:21:14.280 an industrial scale we cannot remove it 00:21:16.37000:21:16.380 quickly enough to stop the reaction this 00:21:19.58000:21:19.590 is the the worst nightmare for a 00:21:21.29000:21:21.300 chemical plant operator this is a 00:21:24.47000:21:24.480 disaster 00:21:28.69000:21:28.700 vn Singh was working at the plant that 00:21:31.46000:21:31.470 night and it was his duty to check the 00:21:34.01000:21:34.020 area where the pipe washing had started 00:21:36.11000:21:36.120 some four hours earlier by this time 00:21:40.76000:21:40.770 midnight water was flowing once again 00:21:43.82000:21:43.830 from the drainage nozzles but he noticed 00:21:46.22000:21:46.230 that something was wrong the disaster 00:21:50.51000:21:50.520 was just minutes away was then when I 00:21:55.19000:21:55.200 got here I saw water running out for the 00:21:57.56000:21:57.570 bleeders but my eyes started to hurt 00:22:00.16000:22:00.170 this was quite common at the factory but 00:22:02.51000:22:02.520 that day it was very very bad so I ran 00:22:05.24000:22:05.250 to the control room 00:22:08.63000:22:08.640 what VN Singh saw when he got to the 00:22:11.24000:22:11.250 control room about a minute later was 00:22:13.49000:22:13.500 the final stage of a chemical process 00:22:15.56000:22:15.570 that had been underway for over two 00:22:17.63000:22:17.640 hours 00:22:25.12000:22:25.130 at a molecular level things are 00:22:27.03900:22:27.049 happening extremely fast as the system 00:22:29.91900:22:29.929 warms up the second reaction kicks in 00:22:32.25000:22:32.260 trimerization 00:22:33.87000:22:33.880 reaction between three methyl isocyanate 00:22:36.31000:22:36.320 molecules that forms a stable molecule 00:22:38.89000:22:38.900 and generates more heat as each bond is 00:22:42.73000:22:42.740 made energy is released 00:22:44.77000:22:44.780 now the m.i.c molecules were able to 00:22:47.77000:22:47.780 react with themselves all 42 tons of the 00:22:50.83000:22:50.840 material were free to generate heat 00:22:52.84000:22:52.850 almost simultaneously the reactions 00:22:55.99000:22:56.000 getting very violent at the moment 00:22:57.65900:22:57.669 materials starting to leave the top lots 00:23:00.49000:23:00.500 of gas being generated bubbles of liquid 00:23:02.98000:23:02.990 leaving right now with the equipment 00:23:08.44000:23:08.450 they had at Bhopal there was absolutely 00:23:10.27000:23:10.280 nothing that could be done to save the 00:23:12.27900:23:12.289 people 00:23:16.20000:23:16.210 I think up a 6-day so I came running out 00:23:19.44000:23:19.450 to tanki 610 and even though it's 00:23:22.04900:23:22.059 Underground you could hear a terrible 00:23:23.99900:23:24.009 rumbling noise and the concrete started 00:23:26.19000:23:26.200 to shake and crack 00:23:32.61000:23:32.620 the tank was now in serious danger of 00:23:35.25000:23:35.260 bursting but it held instead a pressure 00:23:39.02900:23:39.039 relief valve blew and the gas was on its 00:23:43.52900:23:43.539 deadly way he travelled to the main 00:23:46.35000:23:46.360 plant structure through the useless vent 00:23:49.01900:23:49.029 gas and then out 00:23:55.12000:23:55.130 the gas was carried away by a 00:23:57.62000:23:57.630 southeasterly wind clear of the plants 00:24:00.11000:24:00.120 but directly over the sleeping city of 00:24:03.08000:24:03.090 Bhopal 00:24:31.44000:24:31.450 when I started working for carbide in 00:24:33.78900:24:33.799 1971 it was one of the proudest moments 00:24:36.54900:24:36.559 of my life because I was selected to 00:24:38.20000:24:38.210 work for Union cover but after that 00:24:40.65900:24:40.669 disaster I'm ashamed now that I was ever 00:24:43.63000:24:43.640 associated with the company which did 00:24:45.01000:24:45.020 not manage to live up to its name and 00:24:47.50000:24:47.510 reputation in India
Office location
Engineering company LOTUS®
Russia, Ekaterinburg, Lunacharskogo street, 240/12