00:00:08.309 in the early 1600s an Italian got the 00:00:11.06000:00:11.070 ball rollin by measuring and observing 00:00:13.22000:00:13.230 balls rollin Galileo also timed pendulum 00:00:17.90000:00:17.910 and dropped different sized objects of 00:00:20.21000:00:20.220 the Leaning Tower of Pisa to see what 00:00:21.95000:00:21.960 would happen 00:00:22.64000:00:22.650 and despite upsetting the Pope his ideas 00:00:24.88900:00:24.899 that apparently made Gard very cross 00:00:26.83000:00:26.840 Galileo's work became the rock on which 00:00:29.17900:00:29.189 modern physics is found 00:00:33.70000:00:33.710 later free from angry Pope's itec Newton 00:00:37.22000:00:37.230 moved things on by abandoning balls and 00:00:39.25900:00:39.269 embracing apples why he wondered did 00:00:42.68000:00:42.690 they always fall downwards not sideways 00:00:45.25900:00:45.269 or up by 1687 he had an answer it was a 00:00:50.38900:00:50.399 force called gravity which worked on 00:00:52.45900:00:52.469 balls and apples and planets holding 00:00:55.57900:00:55.589 them in nice predictable orbits around 00:00:57.38000:00:57.390 the Sun in the 1800's James Clerk 00:01:01.72900:01:01.739 Maxwell Casas I / more mysteries he 00:01:04.72900:01:04.739 showed her electricity and magnetism are 00:01:06.64900:01:06.659 related and can be combined as one force 00:01:09.70000:01:09.710 electromagnetism all that was left for 00:01:17.44900:01:17.459 to plug a few remaining holes but by 00:01:21.02000:01:21.030 1900 the holes were getting bigger the 00:01:23.71900:01:23.729 latest discoveries didn't build on the 00:01:26.02900:01:26.039 olden 00:01:26.66000:01:26.670 things like x-rays and radioactivity 00:01:29.69000:01:29.700 were just plain weird and in a bad way 00:01:32.67900:01:32.689 top scientist Lord Kelvin saw dark 00:01:35.48000:01:35.490 clouds hanging over the subject then in 00:01:38.88900:01:38.899 1905 a Swiss patent clerk started a 00:01:42.22900:01:42.239 full-on storm each tiny cocoa 26 year 00:01:45.52900:01:45.539 old Albert Einstein tore up the strip 00:01:47.71000:01:47.720 first he claimed that light is a kind of 00:01:50.21000:01:50.220 wave but also comes in packets or 00:01:52.66900:01:52.679 particles in the same year he published 00:01:55.96900:01:55.979 his famous equation e equals mc-squared 00:01:58.79000:01:58.800 it says that mass and energy are 00:02:01.13000:02:01.140 equivalent and if that wasn't shocking 00:02:03.52900:02:03.539 enough he released the mind-blowing 00:02:06.10900:02:06.119 results of a thought experiment so hold 00:02:08.18000:02:08.190 on to your heads 00:02:08.74900:02:08.759 it starts with the assumption that the 00:02:10.72900:02:10.739 speed of light in a vacuum is constant 00:02:13.04000:02:13.050 now imagine that someone watches a 00:02:15.17000:02:15.180 spaceship flying very fast what they 00:02:17.86900:02:17.879 would see is a ship's clocks running 00:02:19.82000:02:19.830 slower than their own watch and the ship 00:02:23.27000:02:23.280 will actually shrink inside 00:02:25.88000:02:25.890 but for the astronauts inside all would 00:02:29.00000:02:29.010 be normal fightin said that time and 00:02:31.30900:02:31.319 space can change they are relative 00:02:33.11000:02:33.120 depending on who's observing them this 00:02:35.84000:02:35.850 is special relativity his ideas 00:02:39.50000:02:39.510 shattered traditional physics he'd open 00:02:42.38000:02:42.390 a door onto the weird world of the 00:02:44.33000:02:44.340 quantum where cat-scan will be alive and 00:02:47.27000:02:47.280 dead where God plays dice and where 00:02:50.57000:02:50.580 everything is uncertain his famous 00:02:53.09000:02:53.100 equation led to nuclear energy with a 00:02:55.85000:02:55.860 special relativity the Large Hadron 00:02:57.55900:02:57.569 Collider will be pointless 00:03:00.13000:03:00.140 general relativity predicted both black 00:03:03.14000:03:03.150 holes and the Big Bang an idea now 00:03:06.47000:03:06.480 endorsed by both church and science 00:03:08.94900:03:08.959 Galileo would have been pleased 00:03:11.09000:03:11.100 well done out 00:03:20.61000:03:20.620 you
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