00:00:00.079 so this video is about heat exchangers 00:00:03.03900:00:03.049 it's kind of a boring topic but once 00:00:06.41000:00:06.420 your base gets on its feet and you start 00:00:08.00000:00:08.010 going somewhere and you're getting to 00:00:09.25900:00:09.269 the mid-game being able to understand 00:00:11.90000:00:11.910 what a heat exchanger is and build one 00:00:14.33000:00:14.340 when you need one and recognize when you 00:00:16.27900:00:16.289 need one well make or break the game if 00:00:19.25000:00:19.260 you want to develop your base into 00:00:20.84000:00:20.850 something big and amazing you definitely 00:00:23.24000:00:23.250 want to learn about heat exchangers and 00:00:25.18900:00:25.199 this video is all about this like I said 00:00:27.98000:00:27.990 it's not it's not the most exciting 00:00:29.75000:00:29.760 subject to me so and you'll be able to 00:00:31.40000:00:31.410 hear it in my voice it's kind of I'm a 00:00:34.19000:00:34.200 pretty drawl in this one unfortunately 00:00:36.26000:00:36.270 but it's worth your time if you if you 00:00:38.33000:00:38.340 want to take this game seriously heat 00:00:41.99000:00:42.000 exchangers a device that lets you take 00:00:44.81000:00:44.820 the heat from one element and put it 00:00:47.09000:00:47.100 into another element really efficiently 00:00:49.31000:00:49.320 this simple one that I've created is the 00:00:51.43900:00:51.449 one I'll show you first I think this is 00:00:53.42000:00:53.430 a good choice to show you first because 00:00:55.34000:00:55.350 it lets me demonstrate the principle 00:00:56.90000:00:56.910 very cold petroleum at negative 35 00:00:59.11900:00:59.129 degrees over here and some hot hydrogen 00:01:01.84900:01:01.859 at looks like it's about 540 degrees 00:01:04.96900:01:04.979 over here I will send the petroleum into 00:01:09.08000:01:09.090 one end of the heat exchanger this 00:01:11.09000:01:11.100 direction from this side and in a and 00:01:13.73000:01:13.740 the hydrogen in the other end of the 00:01:16.60900:01:16.619 heat exchanger from this side let's 00:01:18.28900:01:18.299 focus on the petroleum first what will 00:01:20.51000:01:20.520 happen is the petroleum as it moves 00:01:22.34000:01:22.350 through this pipe it will get to this 00:01:23.84000:01:23.850 metal tile and it will give up some of 00:01:26.14900:01:26.159 its cold coldness to the metal tile and 00:01:29.84000:01:29.850 that will warm up the petroleum a bit in 00:01:32.56900:01:32.579 the next metal tile it'll get up some it 00:01:34.88000:01:34.890 will give up more of its coldness and 00:01:36.92000:01:36.930 that will also warm up a petroleum a bit 00:01:38.84000:01:38.850 this middle tile won't get as cold 00:01:41.35900:01:41.369 because the petroleum has already warmed 00:01:44.35900:01:44.369 up a bit by going through this middle 00:01:46.01000:01:46.020 tile this will continue all the way 00:01:48.67900:01:48.689 through the heat exchanger if that's all 00:01:51.20000:01:51.210 we did eventually all of these tiles 00:01:53.21000:01:53.220 would get very cold and not much would 00:01:55.28000:01:55.290 happen we do the same thing with the 00:01:57.41000:01:57.420 hydrogen entering from the other side 00:01:59.42000:01:59.430 and the same effect happens where the 00:02:01.45900:02:01.469 first metal tile is especially hot and 00:02:03.59000:02:03.600 the next one is a bit colder the next 00:02:05.33000:02:05.340 one is a bit colder so the combination 00:02:07.24900:02:07.259 of the cold stuff going in one side and 00:02:08.99000:02:09.000 the hot stuff going in the other 00:02:10.86000:02:10.870 makes a gradient of temperature across 00:02:12.84000:02:12.850 these tiles but this tile is cold and 00:02:14.88000:02:14.890 this one is hot and all of the tiles in 00:02:16.95000:02:16.960 between them changed in temperature a 00:02:18.72000:02:18.730 little bit so that the petroleum comes 00:02:23.25000:02:23.260 out this side hot and the hydrogen comes 00:02:25.05000:02:25.060 out that side cold we should be able to 00:02:27.15000:02:27.160 get the petroleum very close to the 00:02:30.66000:02:30.670 temperature of the hydrogen and we 00:02:33.00000:02:33.010 should really at the hydrogen cooled 00:02:34.38000:02:34.390 down to very close to the temperature of 00:02:36.15000:02:36.160 the petroleum intuitively it's easy to 00:02:38.97000:02:38.980 assume that the best change in 00:02:42.36000:02:42.370 temperature would be the same as if you 00:02:44.22000:02:44.230 were to mix these materials together and 00:02:46.38000:02:46.390 get their average temperature but if the 00:02:48.51000:02:48.520 heat exchanger you can do much better 00:02:50.04000:02:50.050 than that 00:02:51.45000:02:51.460 theoretically a 100% efficient heat 00:02:54.84000:02:54.850 exchanger can completely change those 00:02:57.36000:02:57.370 temperatures so that the petroleum gets 00:03:01.05000:03:01.060 all the way up to about 540 and the 00:03:03.39000:03:03.400 hydrogen gets all the way down to 00:03:05.43000:03:05.440 negative 35 in practice you can't have a 00:03:09.30000:03:09.310 100% heat exchanger but if you were to 00:03:11.82000:03:11.830 make it big enough and efficient enough 00:03:15.09000:03:15.100 then you could get very close I'm gonna 00:03:18.60000:03:18.610 turn this on alright so now we have 00:03:21.59000:03:21.600 petroleum going through this side I have 00:03:24.12000:03:24.130 a valve here that will matter in a 00:03:25.62000:03:25.630 minute I'll show you what that's for and 00:03:28.46000:03:28.470 there's hydrogen going in this side 00:03:30.90000:03:30.910 let's have a look at the temperatures as 00:03:34.11000:03:34.120 you can see the first tiles are getting 00:03:35.52000:03:35.530 cold from the petroleum and these tiles 00:03:39.15000:03:39.160 over here they were already hot from my 00:03:40.80000:03:40.810 experience experiments earlier but this 00:03:44.16000:03:44.170 last tile will probably stay hot and the 00:03:47.04000:03:47.050 rest of them will get quite cold the 00:03:49.08000:03:49.090 reason this is happening is because 00:03:50.55000:03:50.560 there's 10 kilograms per second of 00:03:53.04000:03:53.050 petroleum going in this side of the heat 00:03:54.81000:03:54.820 exchanger and only one kilogram per 00:03:57.24000:03:57.250 second of hydrogen going in this side of 00:03:59.61000:03:59.620 the heat exchanger thick the cold of the 00:04:01.80000:04:01.810 petroleum was overpowering the heat in 00:04:04.56000:04:04.570 the the hydrogen there's no way to carry 00:04:08.04000:04:08.050 so much heat in this amount of hydrogen 00:04:11.01000:04:11.020 to warm up the petroleum all the way so 00:04:15.18000:04:15.190 the hydrogen is coming out of the heat 00:04:17.67000:04:17.680 exchanger in this pipe up here and 00:04:20.37900:04:20.389 I hover over it you can see that it is 00:04:22.02900:04:22.039 indeed all the way down to negative 35 00:04:23.83000:04:23.840 degrees the temperature of the petroleum 00:04:26.43900:04:26.449 on this type of the heat exchanger you 00:04:28.80900:04:28.819 can see the petroleum coming out and 00:04:30.45900:04:30.469 it's only at 43 degrees which is nowhere 00:04:34.14900:04:34.159 close to the 540 degrees of the hydrogen 00:04:38.86000:04:38.870 that is going into the heat exchanger on 00:04:40.45000:04:40.460 this side sometimes this imbalance is 00:04:42.90900:04:42.919 what you want because you just want to 00:04:45.45900:04:45.469 say in this case cool down the hydrogen 00:04:48.73000:04:48.740 and that the ultimate temperature of the 00:04:50.86000:04:50.870 petroleum doesn't matter to you this has 00:04:53.08000:04:53.090 some problems that you may run into 00:04:54.51900:04:54.529 depending what you're doing for example 00:04:56.67900:04:56.689 I'm using much more petroleum in the 00:04:59.17000:04:59.180 heat exchanger the necessary in order to 00:05:00.99900:05:01.009 cool down the hydrogen the way to fix 00:05:03.04000:05:03.050 this problem is to balance the amount of 00:05:07.33000:05:07.340 hydrogen going into the heat exchanger 00:05:08.61900:05:08.629 with the amount of petroleum going into 00:05:10.89900:05:10.909 the heat exchanger but you don't want to 00:05:12.73000:05:12.740 do it by mass there is a property called 00:05:16.42000:05:16.430 specific heat capacity for hydrogen as 00:05:19.30000:05:19.310 you can see it is 2.4 2.4 is the amount 00:05:24.39900:05:24.409 of energy it takes to change the 00:05:26.46900:05:26.479 temperature of an amount of hydrogen 1 00:05:31.20900:05:31.219 degree Celsius and if we look at the 00:05:33.51900:05:33.529 petroleum it also has a specific heat 00:05:35.35000:05:35.360 capacity it is one point seven six 00:05:39.87900:05:39.889 because that number is lower than the 00:05:42.90900:05:42.919 specific heat for hydrogen it means that 00:05:45.15900:05:45.169 it takes less energy to change the 00:05:47.35000:05:47.360 temperature of the petroleum than it 00:05:49.36000:05:49.370 does to change the temperature of the 00:05:50.82900:05:50.839 hydrogen so in order to balance this we 00:05:54.21900:05:54.229 will need more petroleum in the heat 00:05:55.77900:05:55.789 exchanger than hydrogen but certainly 00:05:58.54000:05:58.550 less than what we're doing now the way 00:06:00.15900:06:00.169 to calculate the right amount is to just 00:06:01.95900:06:01.969 divide those numbers the specific heat 00:06:04.02900:06:04.039 of the hydrogen is 2.4 divided by the 00:06:06.51900:06:06.529 specific heat of the petroleum as 1.76 00:06:09.42000:06:09.430 we get well one point three six four 00:06:11.95000:06:11.960 that means for every one kilogram of 00:06:15.04000:06:15.05000:06:17.43900:06:17.449 we need one point three six four 00:06:20.07900:06:20.089 kilograms of petroleum going into the 00:06:22.20900:06:22.219 heat exchanger and then their specific 00:06:24.24900:06:24.259 heats will be balanced I will use him to 00:06:26.43900:06:26.449 set the valve to what one point three 00:06:29.94900:06:29.959 six four kilograms of petroleum through 00:06:33.18900:06:33.199 now our heat exchanger 00:06:34.39000:06:34.400 should be balanced and we should get a 00:06:37.02000:06:37.030 good exchange of heat between the 00:06:39.93900:06:39.949 petroleum and the hydrogen that is much 00:06:42.52000:06:42.530 more efficient much more balanced let's 00:06:44.59000:06:44.600 say than what we were doing before if 00:06:48.15900:06:48.169 you look at the temperature you'll see 00:06:50.08000:06:50.090 that the temperatures in the heat 00:06:51.93900:06:51.949 exchanger they're starting to this side 00:06:56.08000:06:56.090 is starting to get hot as it should 00:06:57.79000:06:57.800 I'm going to speed up this process by 00:06:59.92000:06:59.930 turning off the petroleum temporarily 00:07:01.54000:07:01.550 for this example it will be normal for 00:07:03.70000:07:03.710 most of the tiles to look red and that's 00:07:06.04000:07:06.050 just because red is the color of 00:07:08.40900:07:08.419 anything that's hot and we're using 00:07:10.24000:07:10.250 mostly hot temperatures reconnect the 00:07:12.58000:07:12.590 petroleum input we can wait just long 00:07:15.58000:07:15.590 enough for it to find a nice equilibrium 00:07:17.52900:07:17.539 and then we can have a look at the 00:07:18.67000:07:18.680 temperature so the petroleum is going in 00:07:20.32000:07:20.330 at negative 35 degrees and if I hover 00:07:22.24000:07:22.250 over this you can see that it's coming 00:07:24.04000:07:24.050 out at 485 degrees that's still not as 00:07:27.64000:07:27.650 hot as the hydrogen that is going into 00:07:30.21900:07:30.229 the heat exchanger the fact that it's 00:07:31.99000:07:32.000 not getting all the way up to 540 00:07:33.90900:07:33.919 degrees like the hydrogen going into the 00:07:35.80000:07:35.810 heat exchange is something that I would 00:07:37.77900:07:37.789 call inefficiency the hydrogen coming 00:07:41.71000:07:41.720 out of the heat exchange I'll hover over 00:07:43.36000:07:43.370 this that you can so you can see is at 00:07:45.37000:07:45.380 eighteen point three degrees Celsius 00:07:46.99000:07:47.000 that's not as cold as the petroleum this 00:07:49.65900:07:49.669 particular heat exchange is pretty naive 00:07:51.46000:07:51.470 so you wouldn't expect it to be 00:07:53.50000:07:53.510 extremely good I'm going to turn that 00:07:55.06000:07:55.070 off and show you a better way to set up 00:07:56.68000:07:56.690 a heat exchanger that works like this 00:07:58.60000:07:58.610 one with metal tiles a better way to lay 00:08:00.55000:08:00.560 out a heat exchanger a metal tile heat 00:08:02.50000:08:02.510 exchanger that works like that is in a 00:08:04.14900:08:04.159 checkerboard pattern with insulation 00:08:06.43000:08:06.440 between the tiles by the way the reason 00:08:09.10000:08:09.110 if the insulation between the tiles is 00:08:10.96000:08:10.970 to prevent the heat from one metal tile 00:08:13.89900:08:13.909 from from moving to adjacent metal tiles 00:08:17.17000:08:17.180 so you don't really want them touching 00:08:18.87900:08:18.889 each other and it turns out making the 00:08:21.21900:08:21.229 heat exchanger much more efficient if 00:08:22.68900:08:22.699 you do it that way you'll see for this 00:08:24.21900:08:24.229 layout the pipe for the petroleum 00:08:27.37000:08:27.380 serpentines through all the tiles and 00:08:29.62000:08:29.630 the pipe for the hydrogen serpentines 00:08:32.76900:08:32.779 through the tiles going the other 00:08:34.26900:08:34.279 direction this counter flow is of course 00:08:36.96900:08:36.979 very important to the heat exchange in 00:08:39.76000:08:39.770 case that wasn't obvious connect the 00:08:41.70900:08:41.719 power to this one and turn it on the 00:08:43.26900:08:43.279 petroleum is coming through the valve so 00:08:46.01000:08:46.020 it's balanced with the hydrogen this 00:08:48.11000:08:48.120 heat exchange has 18 metal tiles and the 00:08:51.53000:08:51.540 one I showed you before has 10 metal 00:08:53.60000:08:53.610 tiles so we should get much better 00:08:55.16000:08:55.170 efficiency from this one the hydrogen is 00:08:57.79000:08:57.800 all the way down to negative 16 degrees 00:09:00.88000:09:00.890 from 540 and the petroleum has been is 00:09:04.61000:09:04.620 up all the way to 492 from negative 35 00:09:08.57000:09:08.580 degrees so I think that's quite good if 00:09:11.51000:09:11.520 you want it to be a better efficiency 00:09:13.16000:09:13.170 using this kind of heat exchange you can 00:09:15.53000:09:15.540 just make the heat exchange bigger with 00:09:17.27000:09:17.280 more metal tiles a heat exchanger like 00:09:20.09000:09:20.100 this one has some good advantages in 00:09:22.58000:09:22.590 some serious limitations I think the 00:09:24.86000:09:24.870 main limitation is that it's low volume 00:09:26.93000:09:26.940 you can only exchange heat with as much 00:09:30.86000:09:30.870 stuff as you can put through a pipe and 00:09:32.63000:09:32.640 if you try to make it I mean you can use 00:09:35.24000:09:35.250 more than one pipe but you have to make 00:09:39.08000:09:39.090 the heat exchange sort of bigger and 00:09:41.66000:09:41.670 unusual looking and you lose some 00:09:43.46000:09:43.470 efficiency very quickly one thing I'd 00:09:46.46000:09:46.470 like to mention is there is a third 00:09:50.60000:09:50.610 medium that heat has to travel through 00:09:52.70000:09:52.710 in order to move from petroleum to the 00:09:55.99000:09:56.000 hydrogen and that is the metal tile with 00:09:59.45000:09:59.460 many heat exchangers using that third 00:10:01.19000:10:01.200 medium makes them awesome untenable and 00:10:04.58000:10:04.590 so it's something to avoid when you're 00:10:06.08000:10:06.090 designing heat exchangers another 00:10:07.79000:10:07.800 problem is that because you're using 00:10:09.26000:10:09.270 pipes it's fairly straightforward to do 00:10:11.81000:10:11.820 a liquid and a gas 00:10:13.34000:10:13.350 but it's becomes much more complicated 00:10:15.35000:10:15.360 to do a liquid to a liquid or a gas to a 00:10:18.47000:10:18.480 gas this heat exchanger isn't great for 00:10:20.93000:10:20.940 that either 00:10:21.56000:10:21.570 another main problem is that if you have 00:10:24.17000:10:24.180 a change of state inside the pipe it 00:10:26.27000:10:26.280 will break the pipe so if you're trying 00:10:27.95000:10:27.960 to cook oil into petroleum for example 00:10:31.25000:10:31.260 when the oil turns into petroleum it 00:10:33.65000:10:33.660 will break the pipe and so heat 00:10:35.09000:10:35.100 exchanger like this may not be a good 00:10:37.43000:10:37.440 choice for that now I'd like to show you 00:10:39.02000:10:39.030 a setup for an entire setup for cooking 00:10:41.78000:10:41.790 oil into petroleum if you've ever tried 00:10:43.91000:10:43.920 to cook into petroleum without a heat 00:10:46.76000:10:46.770 exchange then this will be a really good 00:10:48.65000:10:48.660 demonstration of how awesome a heat 00:10:50.45000:10:50.460 exchanger is also it will demonstrate 00:10:53.65000:10:53.660 using stairs as a heat exchange also it 00:10:57.98000:10:57.990 will show a practical use 00:11:00.05000:11:00.060 I have crude oil in here it's pretty 00:11:02.72000:11:02.730 cold 00:11:03.19900:11:03.209 it's very cold negative 35 degrees it 00:11:06.19900:11:06.209 goes through a shutoff a liquid shutoff 00:11:09.76900:11:09.779 which we'll talk about in a minute and 00:11:11.36000:11:11.370 it drops the oil at the pond the top 00:11:13.81900:11:13.829 step of this stairway you'll notice that 00:11:16.22000:11:16.230 this is already quite hot from my 00:11:18.23000:11:18.240 experience earlier but that shouldn't 00:11:20.09000:11:20.100 matter for the demonstration the oil 00:11:23.05900:11:23.069 runs down the stairs into the bottom 00:11:26.60000:11:26.610 this bottom area where the Aqua tuner 00:11:28.81900:11:28.829 heats up the oil to the temperature that 00:11:30.71000:11:30.720 cooks it into petroleum when this has 00:11:34.12900:11:34.139 enough liquid on it to trigger this 00:11:36.55900:11:36.569 Hydra sensor then that hider sensor will 00:11:39.80000:11:39.810 turn off the shut off that lets oil into 00:11:43.49000:11:43.500 the heat exchange that's important 00:11:45.86000:11:45.870 because before it's warmed up enough to 00:11:49.30900:11:49.319 start going we don't want to overload it 00:11:52.51900:11:52.529 with liquid this thermo sensor turns off 00:11:55.12900:11:55.139 the Aqua tuner when the petroleum down 00:11:57.67900:11:57.689 here is hot enough to maintain its 00:11:59.11900:11:59.129 temperature and this thermo sensor turns 00:12:02.42000:12:02.430 on the liquid pump when the petroleum at 00:12:06.65000:12:06.660 the bottom is hot enough we don't want 00:12:08.90000:12:08.910 the pump to begin pumping oil back up 00:12:11.86900:12:11.879 through the heat exchanger we only want 00:12:13.42900:12:13.439 it to pump petroleum through the heat 00:12:14.80900:12:14.819 exchanger petroleum goes up to this 00:12:16.57900:12:16.589 radiant pipe warming up the oil that's 00:12:21.07900:12:21.089 moving down the stairs so that it could 00:12:23.84000:12:23.850 be turned into petroleum that's the heat 00:12:25.93900:12:25.949 exchange part and then it exits the heat 00:12:29.09000:12:29.100 exchange through this pipe you'll see I 00:12:30.92000:12:30.930 have a room of super coolant over here 00:12:34.49000:12:34.500 the only reason that's there is so that 00:12:36.71000:12:36.720 the Aqua tuner has something to cool in 00:12:39.43900:12:39.449 your base you'll have to find some other 00:12:41.15000:12:41.160 use for the coldness that comes from the 00:12:43.18900:12:43.199 Aqua tuner we can see the oil is moving 00:12:45.47000:12:45.480 through the pipe falling onto the top 00:12:47.86900:12:47.879 stair and going down the stairs when the 00:12:50.26900:12:50.279 oil gets to the bottom the Aqua tuner 00:12:52.06900:12:52.079 turns on and warms it up the first time 00:12:54.17000:12:54.180 you turn your heat exchanger on it will 00:12:56.09000:12:56.100 have to run to get it warmed up for the 00:12:58.36900:12:58.379 first time you'll notice that the hydro 00:13:00.55900:13:00.569 sensor has turned off the shut off so 00:13:03.29000:13:03.300 that the oil doesn't continue going into 00:13:05.68900:13:05.699 the heat exchanger and just pooling at 00:13:07.51900:13:07.529 the bottom faster than it can be warmed 00:13:09.31900:13:09.329 up the oil got hot enough to 00:13:11.44000:13:11.450 change into petroleum which triggered 00:13:13.75000:13:13.760 this thermo sensor and turned on the 00:13:15.55000:13:15.560 liquid pump and that hot petroleum is 00:13:18.88000:13:18.890 being pumped up the stairs warming up 00:13:22.66000:13:22.670 the oil on the way and exiting the heat 00:13:27.10000:13:27.110 exchange as you can see since we're 00:13:29.92000:13:29.930 moving liquid out of this area the hydro 00:13:32.26000:13:32.270 sensor detected that there wasn't enough 00:13:34.63000:13:34.640 liquid and turned on the supply of oil 00:13:36.70000:13:36.710 now we should find a nice equilibrium 00:13:38.59000:13:38.600 where the oil was running down the 00:13:40.15000:13:40.160 stairs being warmed up by the petroleum 00:13:42.15000:13:42.160 and continuously changed and cooked into 00:13:46.03000:13:46.040 petroleum you'll notice that the Aqua 00:13:47.89000:13:47.900 tuner doesn't even turn on all the time 00:13:49.48000:13:49.490 I think it runs about half the time and 00:13:51.40000:13:51.410 this ought to convert 10 kilograms of 00:13:53.98000:13:53.990 oil into 10 kilograms petroleum 00:13:56.20000:13:56.210 continuously for a second the steps are 00:13:58.78000:13:58.790 important the oil that's sitting on top 00:14:00.67000:14:00.680 of this step doesn't transmit heat to 00:14:03.52000:14:03.530 the oil sitting on top of this step so 00:14:06.58000:14:06.590 we get isolated squares that don't 00:14:10.80000:14:10.810 transfer heat between each other much 00:14:13.21000:14:13.220 like the isolated tiles in this heat 00:14:15.34000:14:15.350 exchange up here don't transfer heat 00:14:17.14000:14:17.150 between each other that's important for 00:14:19.45000:14:19.460 the heat exchange otherwise it becomes 00:14:22.06000:14:22.070 very inefficient and the heat exchange 00:14:23.89000:14:23.900 would have to be very large in order to 00:14:25.48000:14:25.490 work you'll notice that the oil is going 00:14:29.05000:14:29.060 into the heat exchange at negative 35 00:14:31.33000:14:31.340 degrees and the petroleum is coming out 00:14:33.40000:14:33.410 of the heat exchange at 15 degrees so 00:14:36.61000:14:36.620 that's quite that's a bit better than I 00:14:38.32000:14:38.330 expected 00:14:39.36000:14:39.370 still that's a 50 degree difference in 00:14:42.61000:14:42.620 temperature the reason that's happening 00:14:45.13000:14:45.140 is that this is not a balanced heat 00:14:47.14000:14:47.150 exchange that I mean the specific heat 00:14:49.63000:14:49.640 in this heat exchange is not balanced 00:14:51.49000:14:51.500 because the specific heat of the oil is 00:14:55.00000:14:55.010 less than the specific heat of the 00:14:56.92000:14:56.930 petroleum it can't be balanced because 00:14:59.26000:14:59.270 the output from the heat exchange is 00:15:02.13000:15:02.140 connected to the input of the heat 00:15:04.15000:15:04.160 exchange they both have to be 10 00:15:05.71000:15:05.720 kilograms so you will always have 00:15:09.10000:15:09.110 petroleum that is hotter than the oil 00:15:11.05000:15:11.060 that's going in this kind of heat 00:15:12.70000:15:12.710 exchange has some major benefits one of 00:15:15.10000:15:15.110 them is that it can handle a change of 00:15:17.50000:15:17.510 state clearly the oil is changing into 00:15:20.05000:15:20.060 petroleum and because it's not happening 00:15:23.05000:15:23.060 inside of a pipe it doesn't break 00:15:24.46000:15:24.470 anything 00:15:25.25000:15:25.260 you'll also notice that there isn't an 00:15:26.66000:15:26.670 intermediate medium the petroleum and 00:15:28.70000:15:28.710 the oil are exchanging heat with each 00:15:30.32000:15:30.330 other very directly that's in contrast 00:15:33.41000:15:33.420 to the previous kind of heat exchange 00:15:35.21000:15:35.220 which uses a metal tile is an 00:15:36.92000:15:36.930 intermediate medium usually this means 00:15:39.05000:15:39.060 that the heat exchange will be much more 00:15:40.88000:15:40.890 efficient I see that sometimes the oil 00:15:43.10000:15:43.110 is getting turned off and I suspect that 00:15:45.23000:15:45.240 it's just a temporary thing that will 00:15:47.18000:15:47.190 work itself out when this reaches an 00:15:48.95000:15:48.960 equilibrium this heat exchanger Cook's 00:15:51.14000:15:51.150 oil into sour gas you will see this kind 00:15:54.32000:15:54.330 of setup very frequently in natural gas 00:15:56.60000:15:56.610 cookers cold oil and negative 35 degrees 00:15:59.48000:15:59.490 it will be pumped into these valves 00:16:01.94000:16:01.950 which emit one kilogram per second each 00:16:06.17000:16:06.180 so these radiant pipes will carry one 00:16:08.60000:16:08.610 kilogram per second through this chamber 00:16:10.76000:16:10.770 up to the top where they come out of 00:16:12.86000:16:12.870 these vents and change into sour gas the 00:16:15.89000:16:15.900 heat that does that the source of the 00:16:17.51000:16:17.520 heat comes from this aqua tuner in a 00:16:19.97000:16:19.980 small room full of steam this thermal 00:16:22.10000:16:22.110 sensor turns off the aqua tuner when the 00:16:24.35000:16:24.360 steam gets very hot in this case 800 00:16:26.60000:16:26.610 degrees these doors are only here to 00:16:29.03000:16:29.040 destroy the sour gas that's created 00:16:31.28000:16:31.290 because I'm not doing anything with it 00:16:33.14000:16:33.150 in this demo the reason I only put one 00:16:35.15000:16:35.160 kilogram per second through these pipes 00:16:37.01000:16:37.020 is because one kilogram per second or 00:16:39.95000:16:39.960 less in a pipe doesn't change state in 00:16:42.50000:16:42.510 the pipe that means oil in this in this 00:16:45.23000:16:45.240 pipe can be heated up to any temperature 00:16:47.87000:16:47.880 and it won't turn into petroleum or sour 00:16:50.75000:16:50.760 gas when it comes out of the vent then 00:16:54.11000:16:54.120 it will change into sour gas because 00:16:56.06000:16:56.070 it's already hot enough in order for 00:16:58.16000:16:58.170 that state change to happen you can see 00:17:00.17000:17:00.180 the oil is traveling up the radiant 00:17:01.73000:17:01.740 pipes to the vents right now it's not 00:17:05.72000:17:05.730 hot because the chamber the oil is 00:17:09.43900:17:09.449 moving through is empty there's nothing 00:17:11.21000:17:11.220 there to warm it up yet as it comes out 00:17:13.25000:17:13.260 of the vent it's absorbing heat from the 00:17:16.16000:17:16.170 steam in this room through these metal 00:17:18.23000:17:18.240 tiles and turning into sour gas we can 00:17:21.71000:17:21.720 start to see the sour gas that sour gas 00:17:24.68000:17:24.690 will move through the chamber and create 00:17:28.79000:17:28.800 a counter flow with the oil that's 00:17:31.07000:17:31.080 moving up through the chamber the sour 00:17:32.84000:17:32.850 gas has reached all the way to the 00:17:34.52000:17:34.530 bottom of the chamber and is being 00:17:36.62000:17:36.630 destroyed by my door destroyers 00:17:39.12000:17:39.130 you'll notice that the aqua tuner 00:17:40.32000:17:40.330 doesn't run very often in order to keep 00:17:42.77900:17:42.789 this room at 800 degrees I've determined 00:17:44.85000:17:44.860 that it's possible to convert 10 00:17:47.76000:17:47.770 kilograms per second of oil using 10 00:17:50.03900:17:50.049 pipes using only one aqua tuner there 00:17:53.49000:17:53.500 are other setups for the hot end of this 00:17:55.74000:17:55.750 kind of heat exchange that use a door to 00:17:59.78900:17:59.799 draw out only as much heat as necessary 00:18:02.31000:18:02.320 from the hot room I didn't use it for 00:18:05.31000:18:05.320 this demo one thing to remember about 00:18:06.99000:18:07.000 doing heat exchange with gasses is that 00:18:09.81000:18:09.820 there is some phenomena in oxygen not 00:18:13.35000:18:13.360 included that is related to hot gases 00:18:16.44000:18:16.450 rising I'm not too sure about all of the 00:18:18.63000:18:18.640 dynamics but it's definitely a real 00:18:20.19000:18:20.200 thing 00:18:20.73000:18:20.740 so we're into your chamber so that the 00:18:23.39900:18:23.409 hot end is at the top if it's full of 00:18:25.28900:18:25.299 gases and that way you can take 00:18:27.06000:18:27.070 advantage of that there's another 00:18:28.52900:18:28.539 important phenomenon in play with this 00:18:30.33000:18:30.340 kind of heat exchanger that's important 00:18:32.37000:18:32.380 for you to know intuitively it seems 00:18:34.40900:18:34.419 like you could make this heat exchanger 00:18:35.85000:18:35.860 as efficient as you like just by making 00:18:38.31000:18:38.320 the chamber longer it turns out it 00:18:40.77000:18:40.780 doesn't work that way as you make the 00:18:42.57000:18:42.580 chamber longer more pressure builds at 00:18:44.52000:18:44.530 the top because it has to push all of 00:18:46.28900:18:46.299 the gases all the way down to the bottom 00:18:47.82000:18:47.830 and all of that mass has to be made hot 00:18:50.31000:18:50.320 in order for the heat exchanger to stay 00:18:52.77000:18:52.780 hot right at the top that makes the heat 00:18:55.59000:18:55.600 exchange much less responsive in other 00:18:57.57000:18:57.580 words it takes a long time for it to 00:18:59.54900:18:59.559 warm up it extreme at the extreme they 00:19:03.02900:19:03.039 can take hundreds of cycles in order to 00:19:05.76000:19:05.770 warm up and really get started where 00:19:07.28900:19:07.299 your heat exchanger is working another 00:19:09.24000:19:09.250 thing that happens when you have those 00:19:10.68000:19:10.690 high pressures is that the volatility of 00:19:12.89900:19:12.909 the temperature in a tile decreases what 00:19:17.27900:19:17.289 I mean is if there were 100 kilograms of 00:19:20.07000:19:20.080 sour gas in this tile then its 00:19:22.23000:19:22.240 temperature changes very little when one 00:19:24.51000:19:24.520 bubble of oil goes through it that loss 00:19:27.48000:19:27.490 of volatile temperatures makes it a lot 00:19:30.81000:19:30.820 harder for the heat exchanger to do its 00:19:32.43000:19:32.440 job the combination of those two things 00:19:35.00000:19:35.010 appears to put a hard limit on how long 00:19:37.98000:19:37.990 you can make a heat exchanger that works 00:19:39.69000:19:39.700 like this one the longer you make it the 00:19:42.72000:19:42.730 less you gain in efficiency each time 00:19:45.89900:19:45.909 you make it longer you can get around 00:19:47.37000:19:47.380 much of that by making it wider because 00:19:49.47000:19:49.480 the pressure 00:19:50.98000:19:50.990 it doesn't have to build up as much 00:19:52.89900:19:52.909 pressure to push gases through a wide 00:19:55.24000:19:55.250 chamber than it does through a narrow 00:19:57.46000:19:57.470 chamber so in practice when you make 00:19:59.66900:19:59.679 large complicated devices using a heat 00:20:03.15900:20:03.169 exchange like this 00:20:04.21000:20:04.220 you also have to figure out how to keep 00:20:05.88900:20:05.899 this chamber short that seems to be true 00:20:08.08000:20:08.090 even with very wide chambers like 00:20:11.73000:20:11.740 sitting some of my experience I use one 00:20:14.23000:20:14.240 that is 10 tiles wide that said this is 00:20:17.79900:20:17.809 an extremely efficient heat exchange you 00:20:20.01900:20:20.029 can get the temperature of the oil in 00:20:21.78900:20:21.799 the pipe almost of the same temperature 00:20:24.22000:20:24.230 as the sour gas outside the pipe before 00:20:26.98000:20:26.990 it exits the vent which means you don't 00:20:29.64900:20:29.659 have to put much energy into the aqua 00:20:31.48000:20:31.490 tuner you'll also notice that this is an 00:20:33.49000:20:33.500 imbalance heat exchange because the 00:20:35.35000:20:35.360 output depends on the input that means 00:20:37.77900:20:37.789 because these the specific heat of the 00:20:40.18000:20:40.190 sour gas is much higher than the 00:20:42.39900:20:42.409 specific heat of the oil that the sour 00:20:44.35000:20:44.360 gas will always come out hot much hotter 00:20:47.64900:20:47.659 than the oil right now the heat 00:20:50.50000:20:50.510 exchanger hasn't warmed up all the way 00:20:52.63000:20:52.640 so we're not seeing that effect so much 00:20:54.88000:20:54.890 I will speed it up and maybe we can get 00:20:56.59000:20:56.600 a look at it I'll let this run for a 00:20:58.24000:20:58.250 while and I ate a sandwich as you can 00:21:00.03900:21:00.049 see the sour gas is coming out at a bit 00:21:03.46000:21:03.470 under oh yeah around 50 degrees Celsius 00:21:06.22000:21:06.230 which is about what you should expect I 00:21:08.04900:21:08.059 think so this heat exchange very 00:21:10.26900:21:10.279 interesting it has some dynamics that I 00:21:12.03900:21:12.049 don't understand 00:21:13.00000:21:13.010 here's the cold crude oil and we're 00:21:16.38900:21:16.399 going to convert it into sour gas same 00:21:18.73000:21:18.740 as the last one 00:21:19.53900:21:19.549 it will dump out I'll show you the pipes 00:21:22.36000:21:22.370 it will dump out the crude oil out of 00:21:24.43000:21:24.440 this event and the crude oil where we 00:21:26.59000:21:26.600 ran off each side onto these tiles and 00:21:28.84000:21:28.850 it will run off each side of those tiles 00:21:30.22000:21:30.230 on these tiles so that it covers so that 00:21:33.61000:21:33.620 it runs back and forth across these 00:21:36.70000:21:36.710 tiles all the way down the heat exchange 00:21:38.26000:21:38.270 into the bottom where these Aqua tuners 00:21:40.69000:21:40.700 warm it up and turn it into sour gas 00:21:43.68000:21:43.690 this thermo sensor is there to turn the 00:21:46.63000:21:46.640 Aqua Turner's off when it gets too hot 00:21:48.19000:21:48.200 and this hydro sensor is there to turn 00:21:51.46000:21:51.470 off the oil while there's a pool of 00:21:55.63000:21:55.640 liquid down here so that we don't 00:21:56.98000:21:56.990 overload it while it's warming up there 00:21:59.83000:21:59.840 is a room of super coolant and that's 00:22:01.89900:22:01.909 just there's the 00:22:02.96000:22:02.970 the Aqua tuners have something to make 00:22:04.88000:22:04.890 cold if you do this newer bass you'll 00:22:06.83000:22:06.840 have to find something else to do with 00:22:08.30000:22:08.310 the the coldness probably if you're 00:22:10.76000:22:10.770 cooking crude oil in the sour gas you'll 00:22:14.12000:22:14.130 want to use it to condense the sour gas 00:22:16.40000:22:16.410 in the methane the sour gas once it's 00:22:22.85000:22:22.860 created down here will rise through the 00:22:24.86000:22:24.870 heat exchange warming up the oil until 00:22:27.19000:22:27.200 it gets to the top and I have a row of 00:22:30.62000:22:30.630 doors which destroy the sour gas since 00:22:32.96000:22:32.970 I'm not doing anything with it in this 00:22:34.46000:22:34.470 demo I'll turn it on so that we can see 00:22:38.33000:22:38.340 how it works slow this down a little bit 00:22:46.24000:22:46.250 so you can see this out of the oil is 00:22:48.77000:22:48.780 running down oh I need to turn on the 00:22:50.84000:22:50.850 Aqua tuners also 00:22:56.25900:22:56.269 great so the seller gas will run to the 00:22:59.22900:22:59.239 bottom 00:22:59.70900:22:59.719 I'm sorry the oil will rend at the 00:23:01.62900:23:01.639 bottom and begin pooling and when 00:23:04.83900:23:04.849 there's enough of it 00:23:05.70900:23:05.719 this hydro this hydro sensor will turn 00:23:07.74900:23:07.759 off the supply of oil so that the heat 00:23:11.28900:23:11.299 exchange can get started I see the sour 00:23:13.20900:23:13.219 gas has started to be created so the oil 00:23:15.33900:23:15.349 got turned back on and it's now 00:23:17.01900:23:17.029 dribbling down through the sour gas now 00:23:19.57000:23:19.580 the heat exchange seems to be running at 00:23:21.36900:23:21.379 full capacity right now it's set up do 00:23:24.19000:23:24.200 10 kilograms of oil per second the 00:23:26.52900:23:26.539 interesting thing that I have noticed 00:23:27.96900:23:27.979 about the seed exchange the dynamic that 00:23:30.51900:23:30.529 I don't understand is that you can put 00:23:32.46900:23:32.479 as much oil into it as you like I tried 00:23:36.19000:23:36.200 it with 40 kilograms per second and it 00:23:38.34900:23:38.359 still worked you'll you will need to add 00:23:41.13900:23:41.149 more aqua tuners to produce more heat 00:23:43.02900:23:43.039 but you don't need a bigger heat 00:23:44.73900:23:44.749 exchange also I've noticed that you 00:23:46.98900:23:46.999 don't have to make it like making it 00:23:48.43000:23:48.440 bigger doesn't help I could make the 00:23:50.97900:23:50.989 heat exchange twice as tall as this and 00:23:53.58900:23:53.599 it doesn't really make any difference 00:23:55.01900:23:55.029 from my experiments seems that 14 rows 00:23:58.86900:23:58.879 of these airflow tiles is about right in 00:24:01.65900:24:01.669 order to do the job one dynamic that 00:24:03.69900:24:03.709 seems to be important for the way this 00:24:05.82900:24:05.839 heat exchange works is the movement of 00:24:09.31000:24:09.320 the liquid going down over the airflow 00:24:11.79900:24:11.809 tiles has a pumping effect that moves 00:24:14.25900:24:14.269 gasses from the bottom to the top that 00:24:17.70900:24:17.719 means it defeats the problem of the 00:24:19.86900:24:19.879 previous heat exchange that we were 00:24:21.27900:24:21.289 talking about pressure and volatility it 00:24:25.23900:24:25.249 doesn't seem to be as efficient 00:24:27.62900:24:27.639 obviously I have to use two thermo two 00:24:31.47900:24:31.489 aqua tuners to make it work whereas you 00:24:34.62900:24:34.639 could do 10 kilograms per second using 00:24:37.35900:24:37.369 only one aqua tuner in the previous 00:24:39.75900:24:39.769 example if you were to scale it up that 00:24:41.58900:24:41.599 large you'll notice that in addition to 00:24:43.93000:24:43.940 these airflow tiles I put temperature 00:24:46.44900:24:46.459 plates in the heat exchange you don't 00:24:52.02900:24:52.039 want to put them too close to each other 00:24:53.34900:24:53.359 because then they will transmit heat 00:24:54.90900:24:54.919 between each other and that will change 00:24:57.72900:24:57.739 the dynamic of it and move heat to 00:24:59.79900:24:59.809 places where you don't want it to go and 00:25:01.29900:25:01.309 it makes it inefficient so if you 00:25:03.63900:25:03.649 somehow manage to get more than 10 00:25:05.40900:25:05.419 kilograms per second of oil in your 00:25:07.18000:25:07.190 astra 00:25:07.72000:25:07.730 then you could use this heat exchanger 00:25:10.02900:25:10.039 to process all of it into sour gas 00:25:13.76900:25:13.779 unfortunately that would be very hard to 00:25:15.78900:25:15.799 do it's ten kilograms of oil seems to be 00:25:18.75900:25:18.769 about the limit consistently in an 00:25:21.75900:25:21.769 asteroid unless perhaps you harvest 00:25:24.66900:25:24.679 carbon dioxide from meteors in large 00:25:27.43000:25:27.440 quantities which itself is a pretty 00:25:29.83000:25:29.840 massive undertaking if you look around 00:25:31.89900:25:31.909 on the forums you'll find that there's a 00:25:33.70000:25:33.710 lot there has been a lot of discussion 00:25:35.71000:25:35.720 about heat exchangers and there are a 00:25:37.18000:25:37.190 lot of smart people out there who 00:25:38.64900:25:38.659 probably have some other designs so 00:25:41.04900:25:41.059 that's definitely worth doing the main 00:25:42.66900:25:42.679 reason I made this video was so that I 00:25:44.40900:25:44.419 could make the next video demonstrating 00:25:46.69000:25:46.700 a self-powered natural gas cooker so 00:25:49.09000:25:49.100 keep your eyes peeled for that it 00:25:51.27900:25:51.289 shouldn't be long
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