00:00:00.000 hi it is time for you to learn about the 00:00:03.02000:00:03.030 basic components well I've already told 00:00:06.32000:00:06.330 you about resistors a while back so all 00:00:08.27000:00:08.280 is left is capacitors and inductors 00:00:09.85000:00:09.860 there are quite simple really 00:00:12.37900:00:12.389 and I won't dive too deep I promise the 00:00:15.58900:00:15.599 capacitor theory is quite simple really 00:00:18.01900:00:18.029 atoms have cores and electrons that turn 00:00:20.57000:00:20.580 around them electrons have negative 00:00:22.60900:00:22.619 charge while cores have protons that are 00:00:24.80000:00:24.810 positive opposing charges attract each 00:00:27.25900:00:27.269 other while the same charges repel each 00:00:29.41900:00:29.429 other 00:00:29.72000:00:29.730 all thanks to electric fields that's all 00:00:32.15000:00:32.160 you need to know for now and it bit more 00:00:34.25000:00:34.260 see you can't just shove an electron 00:00:36.44000:00:36.450 into a conductor because there is no 00:00:38.15000:00:38.160 room and they repel each other and push 00:00:40.06900:00:40.079 back unless you bribed them with some 00:00:42.41000:00:42.420 positive charge like get into yourself 00:00:44.86900:00:44.879 dad I'm not getting in there are you 00:00:48.41000:00:48.420 afraid I'm not afraid I can't stand this 00:00:50.63000:00:50.640 guy I'll tear it apart you don't want 00:00:52.79000:00:52.800 these blood on my hands the cell beside 00:00:54.97900:00:54.989 you is filled with girls hello there 00:00:58.95900:00:58.969 okay I go in there or like imagine 00:01:01.31000:01:01.320 hackers work alone unless you are a 00:01:03.56000:01:03.570 great target and they all work together 00:01:05.50900:01:05.519 to steal your data 00:01:06.89000:01:06.900 take it away James that's why you should 00:01:09.98000:01:09.990 use expressvpn the sponsor of this video 00:01:12.44000:01:12.450 to protect against hackers go to 00:01:14.33000:01:14.340 expressvpn comm / electro boom and get 00:01:17.30000:01:17.310 three months of free service and encrypt 00:01:19.60900:01:19.619 your data and make it secure hide your 00:01:22.34000:01:22.350 location and bypass the filters to 00:01:24.64900:01:24.659 access the data you need securely back 00:01:27.62000:01:27.630 to you Mary 00:01:28.19000:01:28.200 I made a plexiglass container with a 00:01:31.24900:01:31.259 thin gap between the surfaces and fill 00:01:33.74000:01:33.750 it with no d-mail magnets with the same 00:01:35.96000:01:35.970 direction so they repel each other I 00:01:37.81900:01:37.829 learned it from Cody's lab now imagine 00:01:40.39900:01:40.409 these are electrons repelling each other 00:01:42.31900:01:42.329 let's assume this is the neutral state 00:01:44.53900:01:44.549 of a conductor and electrons and protons 00:01:46.42900:01:46.439 are equal and we can't fit any more 00:01:48.59000:01:48.600 electrons in there like there is five 00:01:51.02000:01:51.030 electrons on this side now imagine this 00:01:53.33000:01:53.340 magnet is a positive ion core stripped 00:01:55.70000:01:55.710 of its electrons if we bring this 00:01:57.62000:01:57.630 positive charge to our electrons it 00:01:59.60000:01:59.610 pulls them close to each other so now 00:02:01.99900:02:02.009 there is more room on that surface and 00:02:04.13000:02:04.140 more electrons can fit there like six 00:02:06.31900:02:06.329 now and that's how capacitors work you 00:02:08.77900:02:08.789 have two conductive surfaces overlapping 00:02:11.33000:02:11.340 but 00:02:11.75000:02:11.760 not cutting isolated by a nonconductor 00:02:14.08900:02:14.099 called a dielectric that can be air or 00:02:16.88000:02:16.890 better and now if you put a power supply 00:02:19.28000:02:19.290 across the surfaces like a battery you 00:02:21.89000:02:21.900 can push electrons into one surface and 00:02:24.47000:02:24.480 suck them from the other surface of 00:02:26.36000:02:26.370 course the electric current is defined 00:02:28.46000:02:28.470 as the reverse of the flow of electrons 00:02:30.64900:02:30.659 the electric force between these charges 00:02:33.92000:02:33.930 keeps them together so even when you 00:02:36.71000:02:36.720 disconnect the battery the capacitor 00:02:38.96000:02:38.970 keeps its charge and just like that you 00:02:41.63000:02:41.640 can charge a capacitor of course it only 00:02:43.69900:02:43.709 takes a fraction of a second to charge 00:02:45.61900:02:45.629 which depends on dama right connects it 00:02:51.74000:02:51.750 backwards I think I did you would think 00:02:54.89000:02:54.900 having two conductors side by side 00:02:56.75000:02:56.760 wouldn't care about the voltage polarity 00:02:58.50900:02:58.519 which is true for some capacitor types 00:03:01.22000:03:01.230 like ceramic but apparently in some like 00:03:03.74000:03:03.750 electrolytic it matters see capacitors 00:03:06.41000:03:06.420 are made with different structures like 00:03:08.30000:03:08.310 ceramic electrolytic tantalum or others 00:03:11.00000:03:11.010 and each one has its own pros and cons 00:03:13.09900:03:13.109 the chemistry and structure of some of 00:03:15.53000:03:15.540 them like electrolytic or tantalum makes 00:03:17.99000:03:18.000 them polarized it's like having a very 00:03:20.50900:03:20.519 fluid across your capacitor as soon as 00:03:23.15000:03:23.160 you put reverse voltage or too much 00:03:25.09900:03:25.109 positive voltage across your capacitor 00:03:26.99000:03:27.000 it starts conducting extra current and 00:03:29.53900:03:29.549 blows up which makes for great 00:03:31.78900:03:31.799 pyrotechnics let's look at it again 00:03:34.50000:03:34.510 [Music] 00:03:50.40000:03:50.410 in any case a charged capacitor has this 00:03:53.92000:03:53.930 potential energy in it where the charges 00:03:56.26000:03:56.270 like to get together but they can't 00:03:58.09000:03:58.100 because of the dielectric and are held 00:04:00.16000:04:00.170 in position by the attracting electric 00:04:02.65000:04:02.660 fields but as soon as you put a load 00:04:04.99000:04:05.000 across it the charges say you can stop 00:04:08.29000:04:08.300 our love now there's a new way you 00:04:13.54000:04:13.550 wasn't burden tell me about it so well I 00:04:25.30000:04:25.310 didn't care what I can't just let things 00:04:27.46000:04:27.470 penetrate me so the charges passed 00:04:30.76000:04:30.770 through the load and the capacitor 00:04:33.01000:04:33.020 discharges now you might ask why would 00:04:35.59000:04:35.600 we need solid dielectrics between plates 00:04:38.14000:04:38.150 instead of air there are three good 00:04:40.15000:04:40.160 reasons one is that they make sure 00:04:42.07000:04:42.080 plates won't touch second is that they 00:04:45.61000:04:45.620 can isolate against leakage and arcing 00:04:48.21900:04:48.229 much better than air so you can bring 00:04:50.32000:04:50.330 the place much closer and third similar 00:04:53.68000:04:53.690 to ferromagnetic material that we make 00:04:55.63000:04:55.640 our inductor and transformer cores from 00:04:58.18000:04:58.190 because they improve magnetic fields 00:05:00.49000:05:00.500 good dielectrics also improve electric 00:05:03.31000:05:03.320 fields based on their electric 00:05:05.11000:05:05.120 permittivity and result in higher 00:05:07.21000:05:07.220 capacitance now you might ask what's a 00:05:09.40000:05:09.410 good reason to bring the plates as close 00:05:11.46900:05:11.479 as possible well the electric forces 00:05:13.99000:05:14.000 between charges is very small over long 00:05:16.60000:05:16.610 distances so we have to bring them close 00:05:19.09000:05:19.100 for increased attraction and that 00:05:21.02900:05:21.039 increases the amount of charges we can 00:05:23.40900:05:23.419 put in a capacitor and so increases its 00:05:25.87000:05:25.880 capacity but too high of a voltage over 00:05:28.33000:05:28.340 too small of a gap will break the 00:05:30.40000:05:30.410 dielectric and short the plates that's 00:05:32.74000:05:32.750 why every capacitor has a specific 00:05:34.93000:05:34.940 voltage rating and also the larger the 00:05:37.48000:05:37.490 plates the more charges can fit in them 00:05:39.79000:05:39.800 and so the higher the capacitance so the 00:05:42.43000:05:42.440 capacitance is equal to epsilon which is 00:05:44.65000:05:44.660 a constant for dielectric permittivity 00:05:46.95000:05:46.960 times the area of the overlapping plates 00:05:49.96000:05:49.970 divided by their distance 00:05:51.73000:05:51.740 the unit of capacitance is ferret named 00:05:54.10000:05:54.110 after Michael Faraday and the amount of 00:05:56.23000:05:56.240 charge in coulombs you can put in a 00:05:58.24000:05:58.250 capacitor is equal to its capacity 00:06:00.73000:06:00.740 hands times the voltage across it so 00:06:02.98000:06:02.990 more voltage or more capacity means more 00:06:05.77000:06:05.780 charge now you might have heard some 00:06:07.68900:06:07.699 idiots say that when there is a DC 00:06:09.79000:06:09.800 signal like this it hits the capacitor 00:06:12.24900:06:12.259 plates like this and gets blocked while 00:06:15.21900:06:15.229 an AC signal can zigzag between the 00:06:17.62000:06:17.630 plates like this and pass through well 00:06:21.73000:06:21.740 that's wrong when you place a DC voltage 00:06:23.55900:06:23.569 across a capacitor the voltage across it 00:06:26.58900:06:26.599 rises as the charges flow into it until 00:06:31.08900:06:31.099 the electric field in the capacitor is 00:06:33.49000:06:33.500 the same as the field in the battery and 00:06:35.58900:06:35.599 their voltages are equal and as you know 00:06:37.87000:06:37.880 like temperature the electric current 00:06:40.36000:06:40.370 only flows from a higher voltage to a 00:06:42.52000:06:42.530 lower voltage and if the voltages on 00:06:44.64900:06:44.659 both sides are the same then there is no 00:06:46.57000:06:46.580 current so when you connect the DC 00:06:48.73000:06:48.740 across a capacitor it charges to the 00:06:50.89000:06:50.900 same voltage and the current stops but 00:06:53.11000:06:53.120 when you have AC you constantly raise 00:06:55.30000:06:55.310 and lower the voltage which pushes and 00:06:57.90900:06:57.919 pulls the charges in and out of the 00:06:59.74000:06:59.750 capacitor so if you look at your 00:07:01.65900:07:01.669 capacitor as a black box it looks like 00:07:03.99900:07:04.009 that the electric current goes in one 00:07:06.12900:07:06.139 side and out of the other side then 00:07:08.49900:07:08.509 returns in the next cycle so from 00:07:11.08000:07:11.090 outside it looks like an AC current is 00:07:13.83900:07:13.849 passing through the component although 00:07:16.20900:07:16.219 the actual charges never passed through 00:07:18.18900:07:18.199 the capacitor and only accumulate on the 00:07:20.56000:07:20.570 plates so that's the capacitors for you 00:07:23.74000:07:23.750 now let me tell you some interesting 00:07:25.87000:07:25.880 wisdom around what was it going to say 00:07:29.55900:07:29.569 all right capacitor is like a cop 00:07:33.33000:07:33.340 it's voltage rises as you pour charges 00:07:36.21000:07:36.220 into it its voltage rises faster if you 00:07:39.51000:07:39.520 pour more charges per second or more 00:07:42.27000:07:42.280 currents into it this is when the 00:07:45.93000:07:45.940 capacitor blows up although the current 00:07:48.51000:07:48.520 through a capacitor can change instantly 00:07:51.51000:07:51.520 the voltage across it can not jump from 00:07:54.72000:07:54.730 one value to another because it would 00:07:57.90000:07:57.910 mean in that moment of time the current 00:08:00.72000:08:00.730 was Infinite 00:08:02.04000:08:02.050 because some charge went into the 00:08:04.53000:08:04.540 capacitor in no time and that just 00:08:07.65000:08:07.660 doesn't happen in real life I told you 00:08:11.01000:08:11.020 the charge in a capacitor is equal to 00:08:13.89000:08:13.900 the voltage across it times its 00:08:15.99000:08:16.000 capacitance so it kinda bit of change in 00:08:19.80000:08:19.810 charge can change the voltage that 00:08:21.99000:08:22.000 crosses by a tiny bit if you watch my 00:08:24.78000:08:24.790 previous electro boom 101 episodes you 00:08:27.03000:08:27.040 know that current is equal to the amount 00:08:29.21900:08:29.229 of charge passing per second so in a 00:08:32.88000:08:32.890 tiny bit of time only a tiny bit of 00:08:36.27000:08:36.280 charge passes if we rearrange these we 00:08:39.69000:08:39.700 see that the current through a capacitor 00:08:41.45900:08:41.469 is equal to its capacitance times the 00:08:44.94000:08:44.950 rate at which the voltage changes in 00:08:47.73000:08:47.740 time voltage and current both being a 00:08:50.10000:08:50.110 function of time well this is pretty 00:08:51.72000:08:51.730 much all you need to know about 00:08:52.74000:08:52.750 capacitors so for example if you shove a 00:08:55.38000:08:55.390 constant current into the capacitor then 00:08:57.69000:08:57.700 the rate of voltage change is constant 00:08:59.88000:08:59.890 meaning that the voltage changes in a 00:09:02.07000:09:02.080 straight line that's not straight tray 00:09:04.91000:09:04.920 straight line never mind 00:09:07.95000:09:07.960 or if your voltage changes like this in 00:09:10.02000:09:10.030 time and you can approximate a piece of 00:09:12.15000:09:12.160 it as a straight line then the slope of 00:09:14.49000:09:14.500 that piece times the capacitance gives 00:09:16.98000:09:16.990 you the approximate current that runs 00:09:18.90000:09:18.910 through the capacitor between these two 00:09:20.67000:09:20.680 points it's all so simple wink if you 00:09:23.61000:09:23.620 have a sine wave voltage across a 00:09:25.20000:09:25.210 capacitor then at zero crossing we have 00:09:27.96000:09:27.970 the maximum voltage change a positive 00:09:30.45000:09:30.460 rate here so we have a peak current 00:09:32.39000:09:32.400 positive here and here we have a peak 00:09:35.67000:09:35.680 negative current and at the peaks of 00:09:37.47000:09:37.480 voltage the rate of voltage change is 00:09:39.54000:09:39.550 zero and so the current is zero in these 00:09:42.39000:09:42.400 spots so the current through the 00:09:44.91000:09:44.920 capacitor 00:09:46.44000:09:46.450 looks like this always leading the 00:09:48.87000:09:48.880 voltage by 90 degrees okay we have had 00:09:51.39000:09:51.400 enough for one episode I'll give you 00:09:53.01000:09:53.020 more details as we go forward into 00:09:54.75000:09:54.760 electro boom 101 00:09:56.13000:09:56.140 next stop inductors so make sure to like 00:09:58.89000:09:58.900 my videos and subscribe to my channel 00:10:01.20000:10:01.210 and if YouTube is blocked in your 00:10:02.82000:10:02.830 country then use Express VPN drains if 00:10:07.17000:10:07.180 YouTube is blocked 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