How to Make Petrol or Gas from Crude Oil.

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:00.000
we used to think that in the future we'd
00:00:01.850 00:00:01.860 all be zooming around in flying cars
00:00:04.160 00:00:04.170 that run on flowers and smiles well this
00:00:07.309 00:00:07.319 is the future and oil is still the
00:00:09.770 00:00:09.780 lifeblood of the modern world the
00:00:12.820 00:00:12.830 world's roads are packed with 800
00:00:15.499 00:00:15.509 million greedy vehicles guzzling their
00:00:17.870 00:00:17.880 way through 7 billion liters of petrol
00:00:20.570 00:00:20.580 keeping the fuel lines flowing safely
00:00:23.450 00:00:23.460 with this flammable liquid demands a
00:00:25.670 00:00:25.680 potent mix of engineering brilliance
00:00:27.830 00:00:27.840 chemical wizardry and mucky manual labor
00:00:31.420 00:00:31.430 so how do they do it Texas USA from the
00:00:45.740 00:00:45.750 look of this hot barren windswept
00:00:48.260 00:00:48.270 landscape you'd be forgiven for assuming
00:00:50.479 00:00:50.489 this area must be a rural backwater but
00:00:56.240 00:00:56.250 in fact this is one of the richest spots
00:00:58.849 00:00:58.859 in the world because Texas is home to
00:01:02.270 00:01:02.280 the American oil industry
00:01:07.610 00:01:07.620 [Music]
00:01:10.880 00:01:10.890 they've been drilling for oil here since
00:01:13.930 00:01:13.940 1894
00:01:15.770 00:01:15.780 but it wasn't until 1901 that the oil
00:01:18.980 00:01:18.990 boom really took off when at a stroke
00:01:21.950 00:01:21.960 the Lukas gusher tripled US oil
00:01:24.890 00:01:24.900 production since then almost sixty
00:01:29.060 00:01:29.070 billion barrels have been pumped out
00:01:31.310 00:01:31.320 from the Texan soil and if the oil
00:01:34.040 00:01:34.050 companies have got their sums right
00:01:35.810 00:01:35.820 there are reserves of another ten
00:01:37.940 00:01:37.950 billion barrels or so still to be
00:01:40.340 00:01:40.350 extracted the sticky smelly black liquid
00:01:45.649 00:01:45.659 they're after is crude oil which is the
00:01:48.529 00:01:48.539 raw material needed for making petrol it
00:01:52.760 00:01:52.770 was formed from the remains of tiny sea
00:01:54.919 00:01:54.929 plants and animals during the Permian
00:01:56.540 00:01:56.550 period thanks to the action of heat and
00:01:59.180 00:01:59.190 pressure 250 million years later they've
00:02:02.419 00:02:02.429 been transformed into one of the world's
00:02:04.520 00:02:04.530 most vital energy sources this is black
00:02:08.180 00:02:08.190 gold Texas tea the best there is it
00:02:11.420 00:02:11.430 smells like rotten eggs but it also
00:02:13.220 00:02:13.230 smells like money
00:02:17.170 00:02:17.180 on this hot sticky Texas morning the
00:02:21.020 00:02:21.030 crew of Derek Riggs 62 are setting to
00:02:23.839 00:02:23.849 work sinking and nuwell every month more
00:02:28.220 00:02:28.230 than a thousand new wells are drilled
00:02:30.229 00:02:30.239 here in Texas and together they pump out
00:02:32.990 00:02:33.000 over 900,000 barrels of crude every day
00:02:38.440 00:02:38.450 to keep that all flowing producers like
00:02:41.539 00:02:41.549 Occidental Petroleum will sink more than
00:02:43.910 00:02:43.920 a hundred wells a year so for guys like
00:02:48.259 00:02:48.269 Rick Baker this hot noisy back-breaking
00:02:50.900 00:02:50.910 work is very much just another day at
00:02:53.330 00:02:53.340 the office
00:03:06.020 00:03:06.030 but the team faced an arduous task
00:03:08.760 00:03:08.770 getting the oil out in this area known
00:03:13.380 00:03:13.390 as the Permian Basin the crude lies up
00:03:16.260 00:03:16.270 to two miles down trapped in rocks over
00:03:18.890 00:03:18.900 250 million years old to reach it they
00:03:25.440 00:03:25.450 use the Derrick's huge motors to grind a
00:03:28.020 00:03:28.030 diamond-tipped
00:03:29.040 00:03:29.050 drill bit deep into the earth but all
00:03:33.060 00:03:33.070 the friction creates huge amounts of
00:03:35.430 00:03:35.440 heat so high-pressure drilling fluid is
00:03:38.130 00:03:38.140 pumped down a pipe to cool the cutting
00:03:40.560 00:03:40.570 head the fluid then carries the cuttings
00:03:44.280 00:03:44.290 back to the surface where they're left
00:03:45.930 00:03:45.940 to settle out in mud pits it's noisy
00:03:50.250 00:03:50.260 dangerous work Rick needs to keep the
00:03:54.120 00:03:54.130 pressure on the drill bit just right too
00:03:56.520 00:03:56.530 little and it won't cut too much and it
00:03:58.950 00:03:58.960 will fracture what's more he must
00:04:03.210 00:04:03.220 constantly be on guard for the threat of
00:04:05.400 00:04:05.410 gas releases which could cause
00:04:07.290 00:04:07.300 catastrophic explosions
00:04:17.480 00:04:17.490 as they drill the team need to regularly
00:04:21.690 00:04:21.700 attach new nine meter lengths of
00:04:23.670 00:04:23.680 drilling pipe using an enormous five ton
00:04:26.490 00:04:26.500 automated wrench called an iron
00:04:28.650 00:04:28.660 roughneck
00:04:34.640 00:04:34.650 with the drill head burrowing at around
00:04:36.860 00:04:36.870 five meters an hour this arduous task
00:04:39.620 00:04:39.630 must be repeated every couple of hours
00:04:41.620 00:04:41.630 24 hours a day
00:04:43.460 00:04:43.470 the drilling only intermittently halted
00:04:46.070 00:04:46.080 to line the well
00:04:50.960 00:04:50.970 eventually if they're lucky they strike
00:04:54.270 00:04:54.280 oil initially the pressure of the
00:04:59.310 00:04:59.320 trapped oil forces it through small
00:05:01.110 00:05:01.120 holes in the finished pipe and up to the
00:05:03.510 00:05:03.520 surface but this natural pressure
00:05:06.840 00:05:06.850 doesn't last forever
00:05:08.430 00:05:08.440 so to keep the crude flowing they use
00:05:11.160 00:05:11.170 one of these this is called a pumping
00:05:15.780 00:05:15.790 jack or knotting donkey the circular
00:05:19.800 00:05:19.810 motion of the powered flywheel is
00:05:21.420 00:05:21.430 converted into vertical motion and like
00:05:24.030 00:05:24.040 an enormous metal syringe it sucks the
00:05:26.400 00:05:26.410 oil to the surface dotted across the
00:05:32.190 00:05:32.200 empty Plains these quietly insistent
00:05:34.770 00:05:34.780 nodding donkeys harvest the black gold
00:05:37.470 00:05:37.480 of Texas
00:05:40.600 00:05:40.610 but these oil fields are many miles from
00:05:43.480 00:05:43.490 where the crude oil is needed
00:05:46.360 00:05:46.370 so a series of pumps feed it to a
00:05:48.879 00:05:48.889 pipeline and off on a 500-mile journey
00:05:51.550 00:05:51.560 to the other side of the state this
00:06:00.790 00:06:00.800 extraordinary citadel of gleaming silver
00:06:03.790 00:06:03.800 pipe work is Baytown less than 30 miles
00:06:08.920 00:06:08.930 from Houston it looks like something out
00:06:11.230 00:06:11.240 of Blade Runner and is the single
00:06:13.240 00:06:13.250 largest oil refinery in the whole of the
00:06:15.939 00:06:15.949 u.s.
00:06:19.110 00:06:19.120 with over 5,000 miles of metal piping
00:06:22.710 00:06:22.720 spread across 2,400 acres this place can
00:06:26.790 00:06:26.800 refine 560 thousand barrels of crude oil
00:06:30.450 00:06:30.460 every day not only does it get
00:06:34.950 00:06:34.960 incredibly hot here the noise is so
00:06:37.230 00:06:37.240 deafening it's 4,000 strong workforce
00:06:39.930 00:06:39.940 get through over a million ear
00:06:42.030 00:06:42.040 protectors every year this place is so
00:06:46.230 00:06:46.240 huge as well as Texan crude oil it also
00:06:49.140 00:06:49.150 sucks in supplies from all around the
00:06:51.629 00:06:51.639 world to satisfy bay town's thirst vast
00:06:56.840 00:06:56.850 300 meter long tankers arrive at the
00:06:59.700 00:06:59.710 specially constructed docks
00:07:03.320 00:07:03.330 00:07:07.070 00:07:07.080 over 20 of these massive vessels arrive
00:07:09.740 00:07:09.750 every month each one delivering up to 3
00:07:12.409 00:07:12.419 million barrels from their huge holds as
00:07:14.960 00:07:14.970 much oil as everywhere in Texas produces
00:07:18.050 00:07:18.060 in 3 and a half days
00:07:22.659 00:07:22.669 the thing about crude oil is its crude
00:07:26.029 00:07:26.039 even if you could get that stuff into
00:07:28.369 00:07:28.379 your petrol tank and somehow set fire to
00:07:30.080 00:07:30.090 it it wouldn't provide the instant
00:07:32.149 00:07:32.159 explosive power that internal combustion
00:07:34.820 00:07:34.830 craves to be honest you'd be better off
00:07:37.010 00:07:37.020 coating your driveway with it than
00:07:38.899 00:07:38.909 driving with it to become usable fuel it
00:07:42.140 00:07:42.150 has to be refined so at the heart of the
00:07:46.490 00:07:46.500 refinery lies the laboratory headed by
00:07:49.100 00:07:49.110 Joyce bussy
00:07:51.730 00:07:51.740 it's up to Joyce's lab to supervise the
00:07:55.160 00:07:55.170 process of turning the crude oil into
00:07:57.530 00:07:57.540 usable products
00:07:58.850 00:07:58.860 00:08:02.500 00:08:02.510 crude oil in the state is not very
00:08:05.470 00:08:05.480 useful at all if you put this in your
00:08:08.050 00:08:08.060 tank you'd be sorry because it wouldn't
00:08:10.480 00:08:10.490 go anywhere
00:08:13.000 00:08:13.010 00:08:14.700 00:08:14.710 the trouble with crude oil is it
00:08:17.140 00:08:17.150 contains a mix of hydrocarbons each of
00:08:20.200 00:08:20.210 which has a different number of carbon
00:08:22.180 00:08:22.190 atoms the hydrocarbons are different in
00:08:26.380 00:08:26.390 weight the lightest is propane while the
00:08:29.590 00:08:29.600 heaviest is used to make asphalt
00:08:32.730 00:08:32.740 [Applause]
00:08:34.650 00:08:34.660 extracting petrol from this mix is a
00:08:36.909 00:08:36.919 formidable challenge and it requires one
00:08:39.340 00:08:39.350 heck of a chemistry set to do it the
00:08:44.680 00:08:44.690 most important part of the plant is this
00:08:48.540 00:08:48.550 like a moonshine still as tall as a
00:08:51.580 00:08:51.590 cathedral this is where the crude is
00:08:53.920 00:08:53.930 separated heated to over 370 degrees
00:08:59.200 00:08:59.210 Celsius it's pumped into the base of the
00:09:01.690 00:09:01.700 tower and like steam from a kettle the
00:09:04.450 00:09:04.460 vapor rises as it cools the molecules
00:09:09.730 00:09:09.740 condense their heavy asphalt and tar at
00:09:12.490 00:09:12.500 the bottom while lighter molecules
00:09:15.310 00:09:15.320 including diesel jet fuel and petrol
00:09:17.650 00:09:17.660 continue rising until they too condense
00:09:20.350 00:09:20.360 and can be siphoned off
00:09:25.170 00:09:25.180 but the trouble with producing all this
00:09:27.270 00:09:27.280 fuel is they now have an ocean of
00:09:29.850 00:09:29.860 potentially explosive liquid to deal
00:09:31.980 00:09:31.990 with but of course it's this explosive
00:09:35.280 00:09:35.290 quality that makes petrol so useful so
00:09:38.300 00:09:38.310 to make sure it's as explosive as it
00:09:41.130 00:09:41.140 should be it's up to workers like Derek
00:09:43.200 00:09:43.210 Smalley to carefully take samples or
00:09:45.720 00:09:45.730 analysis in the lab in all every 159
00:09:53.490 00:09:53.500 litre barrel of crude produces 73 litres
00:09:56.910 00:09:56.920 of petrol 35 litres of diesel around 20
00:10:01.410 00:10:01.420 litres of jet fuel and heavy fuel oil
00:10:03.980 00:10:03.990 almost 6 litres of propane and another
00:10:07.680 00:10:07.690 34 liters of other products such as
00:10:10.440 00:10:10.450 butane asphalt and sulfur every day this
00:10:16.710 00:10:16.720 plant produces enough petrol to fuel a
00:10:19.260 00:10:19.270 car on 717 round trips to the moon
00:10:23.450 00:10:23.460 unless of course you drive a 4x4 in
00:10:26.280 00:10:26.290 which case you may have to fill up
00:10:27.840 00:10:27.850 halfway
00:10:30.280 00:10:30.290 anyway Derrick delivers his samples to
00:10:33.320 00:10:33.330 the lab for testing our lab does the
00:10:39.530 00:10:39.540 final product check of our product that
00:10:41.630 00:10:41.640 goes out of the refinery and if it
00:10:43.970 00:10:43.980 doesn't meet our customers expectation
00:10:46.070 00:10:46.080 it doesn't go out the gate the fuel is
00:10:50.120 00:10:50.130 tested by feeding it to a petrol
00:10:52.310 00:10:52.320 connoisseur and aging but robust NOC
00:10:55.519 00:10:55.529 testing engine engine knocking happens
00:11:01.850 00:11:01.860 when fuels spontaneously ignites as it's
00:11:04.790 00:11:04.800 being compressed in the engine cylinder
00:11:06.920 00:11:06.930 the reason for this premature ignition
00:11:09.110 00:11:09.120 is there's too much heptane and not
00:11:11.960 00:11:11.970 enough octane in the mix
00:11:17.230 00:11:17.240 by increasing the percentage of octane
00:11:19.929 00:11:19.939 the mix can be improved until the
00:11:22.239 00:11:22.249 knocking stops the lab can then feed
00:11:26.769 00:11:26.779 their data back into the main refinery
00:11:28.900 00:11:28.910 to correct any mixing errors and ensure
00:11:31.540 00:11:31.550 a perfect blend with the refineries work
00:11:36.519 00:11:36.529 done some of her half a million valves
00:11:39.340 00:11:39.350 are opened and the petrol flows through
00:11:41.769 00:11:41.779 underground pipelines which feed it to
00:11:44.199 00:11:44.209 various local terminals like this one in
00:11:46.989 00:11:46.999 South Houston from here it's transferred
00:11:51.009 00:11:51.019 to huge tankers for delivery by drivers
00:11:53.799 00:11:53.809 like Bradley Unruh
00:11:55.900 00:11:55.910 00:11:59.970 00:11:59.980 but filling up a tanker is way more
00:12:02.730 00:12:02.740 dangerous than simply filling up your
00:12:04.650 00:12:04.660 car it can't be dangerous but just made
00:12:07.800 00:12:07.810 a good cautious alert driver really
00:12:09.360 00:12:09.370 really really helped the hundreds of
00:12:12.420 00:12:12.430 liters of volatile cargo mean it's
00:12:14.550 00:12:14.560 essential Bradley follows stringent
00:12:16.620 00:12:16.630 safety procedures a mistake while
00:12:20.190 00:12:20.200 loading or unloading the tank could
00:12:22.050 00:12:22.060 result in a serious explosion so he
00:12:24.630 00:12:24.640 takes no chances the metal bodywork can
00:12:30.930 00:12:30.940 generate sparks from static electricity
00:12:33.390 00:12:33.400 so first a cord is attached to ground
00:12:36.030 00:12:36.040 the trailer and also activate the
00:12:38.070 00:12:38.080 overfill protection probes at the top of
00:12:40.440 00:12:40.450 each compartment
00:12:44.440 00:12:44.450 00:12:45.870 00:12:45.880 to cope with the threat of highly
00:12:48.000 00:12:48.010 flammable vapors escaping a second pipe
00:12:50.520 00:12:50.530 known as the vapor recovery pipe siphons
00:12:53.310 00:12:53.320 off any leaks which might otherwise
00:12:54.990 00:12:55.000 escape into the atmosphere only once
00:12:59.340 00:12:59.350 these are in place can Bradley connect
00:13:01.410 00:13:01.420 the fuel lines and begin to pump
00:13:05.090 00:13:05.100 everyday over 4 million litres of petrol
00:13:08.460 00:13:08.470 are safely transported to local gas
00:13:10.800 00:13:10.810 stations from this terminal alone
00:13:17.429 00:13:17.439 pumped into the service stations huge
00:13:20.199 00:13:20.209 reservoir the petrol is finally ready
00:13:22.900 00:13:22.910 for use
00:13:24.350 00:13:24.360 00:13:26.440 00:13:26.450 so you can at least find solace in the
00:13:29.500 00:13:29.510 extraordinary work it's taken to keep
00:13:31.690 00:13:31.700 your wheels turning and next time you
00:13:34.120 00:13:34.130 fill up your car and grin as' and the
00:13:36.670 00:13:36.680 cost of your fuel
00:13:37.890 00:13:37.900 00:13:41.010 00:13:41.020 but until your futuristic flower powered
00:13:44.170 00:13:44.180 flying car comes along you just have to
00:13:46.210 00:13:46.220 grin and bear it coming up
00:13:48.220 00:13:48.230
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Russia, Ekaterinburg, Lunacharskogo street, 240/12

Phone: +7 343 216 77 75

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