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How to Read a P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram)

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In many of our RealPars videos,
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we discuss control system and
instrumentation devices in great detail
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so, you can understand
exactly how they work.
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In this video, we will learn
how to read a “P&ID”
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which is something that engineers
encounter on a daily basis.
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At RealPars, we love helping you learn
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so, if you enjoy this video as
much as we enjoyed making it,
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Click the like button.
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P&IDs, or Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams to give them their full name,
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are schematic representations of pipelines,
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equipment,
instrumentation and control systems
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found in process environments
such as Oil Refineries,
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Chemical Plants, Paper Mills,
and Cement Plants, etc.
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The symbols contained in P&IDs
represent the equipment in the process
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such as actuators,
sensors, and controllers.
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Process equipment such as valves,
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instruments, and pipelines are
identified by codes and symbols.
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As well as devices and pipelines
a P&ID will commonly contain,
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information on vents
drains and sampling lines
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as well as flow directions,
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control IO and interconnection references.
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The Instrumentation codes listed
in P&IDs follow a standard format,
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after some practice in reading P&IDs
you will know these codes by heart,
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but in the meantime,
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there are many resources on the web
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where you can download
these tables for reference.
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The first letter of the code identifies
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the parameters that are
being controlled or monitored
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for example Flow, Temperature,
Level or Pressure.
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The next letter is used to define the
type of control device being used,
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for example, Transmitter,
Valve or Controller.
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The number refers to the logical numerator,
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for example, we may have a system
with 4 temperature transmitters,
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it makes sense to identify these as “TT01”,
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“TT02”, “TT03” and “TT04”.
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Let’s consider for a moment an
instrument on a P&ID named “FV01”.
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Looking up the code for this
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we could tell this is a
Flow Valve numbered 01.
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Symbols, circles, and lines are
used to represent instruments
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and to show how they are connected
to the rest of the system.
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Now that we know our device
FV01 is represented by a circle,
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we can also tell from the P&ID
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where the instrument or device is located.
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The presence or absence
of a line in the circle
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determines the location
of the physical device.
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Let’s take a look at how these
are commonly represented.
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NO LINE: The instrument is located in
the field near the process & operator
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DOTTED LINE: The instrument is located in
a control room (accessible to the operator)
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SOLID LINE: The instrument
is not directly accessible
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The piping or connection lines on the
P&ID also tell us about the instrument,
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for example, a solid line would indicate
the interconnection is via pipework
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whereas a dotted line would
indicate an electrical connection.
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It is worth familiarising yourself with
the different types of connection symbols
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as this can give you an insight
into the function of an instrument
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even before you know its code.
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In this video, we have looked at
the basic interpretation of a P&ID
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or Piping and Instrumentation Diagram.
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We learned that each instrument involved
in the process appears on the P&ID
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and is represented by a symbol and a code.
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We also learned that
using this code and symbol
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we can understand what
type of device it is,
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its location and how it is connected
to the rest of the process.
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To read a P &ID effectively
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one must be familiar with
standard instrument symbols
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and standard identification letter codes.
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We hope you enjoyed this
short video on reading P&IDs.
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Here at RealPars our team
of experts is on hand
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to answer your questions
and respond to your feedback
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If you’d like to learn more about any
of the topics covered in this video
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head over to our website at RealPars.com.
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