Oil refining

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

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Modern life would hardly be possible
without products derived from crude oil.
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These include fuels and oils for most
forms of transport,
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lubricating oils and tar and bitumen
for road surfacing.
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Crude oil is also the starting material
for
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a huge variety of organic, carbon-based,
chemicals and products,
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such as plastics and synthetic fibres.
Most oil refineries are on the coast
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and have good road and rail links. On
this site
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two crude distillers together process
34,000 tonnes of crude oil per day.
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There is also a catalytic cracker
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and a platformer for converting straight
chain molecules
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to branched chain. Onsite is a range of
storage tanks for the different products.
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Crude oil is brought in by pipeline to
storage tanks.
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Many of the products from this refinery
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are used by the chemical industry in the surrounding area. This is crude oil.
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It's a mixture of different hydrocarbons.
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The first step in refining is to separate the oils into fractions of different boiling ranges
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by fractional distillation.
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The crude oil is first heated by gas or
oil fired burners,
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this vapourises most of the oil. The vapour
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is fed into the bottom of the
fractionating tower, a column
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containing over 40 perforated trays. The
bottom of the tower
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is kept at 360 degrees Celsius and the
top
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at about 100 degrees Celsius. The vapours rise up the tower
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and condense to liquid when they arrive
at a tray that is sufficiently cool.
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The perforations in the trays allow
vapours
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to rise up the tower and liquids to drip
down.
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Liquids called fractions
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are piped off at different levels in the
tower. The higher up the tower,
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the lower the boiling point and the
shorter the hydrocarbon chains.
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Gases from the top of the tower
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are used as fuel gases, both for sale and
in the refinery.
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The thick liquid residue from the base
of the column may be distilled again
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under reduced pressure to give further
separation.
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There is more demand for the shorter
chain fractions from the initial, or primary,
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distillation
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than for the longer ones. Longer chain
fractions are therefore cracked,
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the process of breaking the molecules to
give shorter chain fractions.
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10,000 tonnes of petroleum fractions
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are cracked each day at this plant. In
catalytic, or cat, cracking
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the long chain fraction is mixed with a
powdered catalyst of silicon dioxide
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and aluminium oxide and the mixture
enters the reactor
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at about five hundred degrees Celsius
for five seconds.
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Here the cracking takes place. The
catalyst
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becomes coated with carbon and is
recycled. The catalyst passes to a
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regenerator
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where the carbon is burnt off in air. The
products of cracking
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include alkenes. These are hydrocarbons with
reactive double bonds.
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They're vital starting materials for
chemical processes,
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such as polymerisation. Valuable
short chain alkanes for petrol
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are also produced.
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After fractional distillation and cracking
fractions may undergo further treatment,
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including desulfurisation to remove
sulfur,
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which would produce sulfur dioxide when
the fuels are burnt,
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platforming, in which
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straight chain alkanes are converted to
branched chain alkanes,
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by heating over a platinum catalyst. The
branched chains
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produce better quality petrol. Fractions
are also blended,
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mixed to give products of the required
properties
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for use as fuels and lubricants. The
products are
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transported off-site by road, rail, sea and
air.
Office location
Engineering company LOTUS®
Russia, Ekaterinburg, Lunacharskogo street, 240/12

Phone: +7 343 216 77 75

E-mail: info@lotus1.ru

Sales phone

Russia: +7 343 216 77 75

WhatsApp: +79122710308