00:00:00.179 the petrochemical industry what our 00:00:04.73000:00:04.740 petrochemicals in the basic sense 00:00:07.28000:00:07.290 petrochemicals are chemical products 00:00:09.37900:00:09.389 derived from petroleum some chemical 00:00:11.81000:00:11.820 compounds can also be made from other 00:00:13.97000:00:13.980 fossil fuels such as natural gas coal 00:00:16.34000:00:16.350 and renewable resources like that of 00:00:18.26000:00:18.270 corn and sugarcane 00:00:19.40000:00:19.410 the largest petrochemical industries are 00:00:22.22000:00:22.230 here in the United States and then 00:00:23.75000:00:23.760 Western European countries however there 00:00:26.18000:00:26.190 has been a major growth in the 00:00:27.44000:00:27.450 production in the Middle East and Asia 00:00:28.96000:00:28.970 the two common classes of petrochemicals 00:00:31.76000:00:31.770 that we will be examining our olefins 00:00:33.79900:00:33.809 and aromatics the first class of 00:00:36.95000:00:36.960 petrochemicals we will look at are 00:00:38.72000:00:38.730 olefins olefins are unsaturated 00:00:41.00000:00:41.010 hydrocarbons meaning that they only 00:00:42.86000:00:42.870 contain hydrogen and carbon atoms and 00:00:44.84000:00:44.850 have at least one double or triple bond 00:00:46.70000:00:46.710 in their structure they are used in the 00:00:49.18900:00:49.199 basis for polymer is creating plastics 00:00:51.13900:00:51.149 resins fibers lubricants and gels the 00:00:54.20000:00:54.210 annual production of olefins are upwards 00:00:55.75900:00:55.769 of 100 million tonnes the two forms of 00:00:59.14900:00:59.159 olefins include ethylene and propylene 00:01:01.30900:01:01.319 ethylene is a colorless gas which has a 00:01:06.05000:01:06.060 faint pleasant sweet smell it is very 00:01:08.48000:01:08.490 reactive and flammable it is the 00:01:10.61000:01:10.620 simplest form of alkene with its 00:01:12.80000:01:12.810 hydrocarbon structure of two carbon 00:01:14.51000:01:14.520 atoms and four hydrogen atoms it does 00:01:17.09000:01:17.100 not dissolve in water but often mixes 00:01:19.25000:01:19.260 well with most organic solvents and is 00:01:21.41000:01:21.420 known as a volatile organic compound it 00:01:24.08000:01:24.090 is naturally released by plants and 00:01:26.18000:01:26.190 living organisms while it is also 00:01:27.92000:01:27.930 present in exhaust fumes and pollution 00:01:30.10000:01:30.110 ethylene is commonly mixed with other 00:01:32.18000:01:32.190 compounds to create a variety of useful 00:01:34.13000:01:34.140 purposes the first mention of this gas 00:01:36.74000:01:36.750 was made by Johan Beecher in a late 00:01:39.46000:01:39.470 1600s publication ethylene being the 00:01:44.87000:01:44.880 simplest form of olefin is often 00:01:46.94000:01:46.950 transformed into its common subgroups 00:01:49.33000:01:49.340 polyethylene created through 00:01:51.46000:01:51.470 polymerization ethanol created through 00:01:54.26000:01:54.270 hydration and ethylene oxide through 00:01:56.96000:01:56.970 oxidation ethylene is produced worldwide 00:02:00.89000:02:00.900 with over 100 million tons annually that 00:02:04.25000:02:04.260 is higher than any other organic 00:02:06.02000:02:06.030 compound it is produced in chemical 00:02:08.35900:02:08.369 plants through steam cracking processes 00:02:10.39900:02:10.409 the major reactions ethylene interacts 00:02:13.14000:02:13.150 include polymerization oxidation 00:02:15.80900:02:15.819 halogenation hydration and more majority 00:02:19.86000:02:19.870 of ethylene production goes into 00:02:21.60000:02:21.610 creating polyethylene it is the main 00:02:24.14900:02:24.159 ingredient of many types of widely used 00:02:26.28000:02:26.290 plastics and synthetic rubbers including 00:02:28.77000:02:28.780 paints and other coatings it is also 00:02:31.19900:02:31.209 used to make other products such as 00:02:33.78000:02:33.790 antifreeze and detergents when it has 00:02:35.67000:02:35.680 undergone oxidation the best-known 00:02:39.80900:02:39.819 effect of ethylene is the stimulation of 00:02:42.00000:02:42.010 fruit ripening well it also increases 00:02:44.39900:02:44.409 respiration yellowing and spotting 00:02:46.43000:02:46.440 reduction in nutrient content taste and 00:02:49.19900:02:49.209 aroma changes and loss of leaves and 00:02:51.14900:02:51.159 flowers the effects of ethylene on 00:02:53.58000:02:53.590 plants can be slowed down when kept at 00:02:55.68000:02:55.690 lower temperatures the gas is able to 00:02:59.03900:02:59.049 penetrate most substances including the 00:03:01.28900:03:01.299 shipping boxes and wooden crates that 00:03:02.97000:03:02.980 the produce is normally distributed in 00:03:05.66000:03:05.670 overexposure can be harmful to the 00:03:07.71000:03:07.720 produce as it causes premature decay 00:03:09.62900:03:09.639 however it is not harmful to humans 00:03:12.92000:03:12.930 propylene as the other form of olefin it 00:03:16.58900:03:16.599 is an organic compound that is a vital 00:03:18.72000:03:18.730 basic chemical and the petrochemical 00:03:20.64000:03:20.650 industry alkenes interchangeable with 00:03:24.05900:03:24.069 olefins is a class of unsaturated 00:03:26.84900:03:26.859 hydrocarbons that contain at least one 00:03:29.28000:03:29.290 carbon to carbon double bond in its pure 00:03:32.72900:03:32.739 natural state propylene is a colorless 00:03:35.61000:03:35.620 gas with a week but pungent smell it has 00:03:39.00000:03:39.010 a melting point of 185 degrees Celsius 00:03:42.14900:03:42.159 and boiling point of negative forty 00:03:44.67000:03:44.680 seven point seven degrees Celsius it is 00:03:47.78900:03:47.799 also highly flammable and relatively 00:03:50.09900:03:50.109 stable however propylene reacts like 00:03:53.43000:03:53.440 typical alkenes by opening up its double 00:03:56.52000:03:56.530 bond the polymerization of propylene 00:03:59.96900:03:59.979 yields the polymer polypropylene a 00:04:02.68900:04:02.699 plastic used in the petrochemical 00:04:04.61900:04:04.629 industry widely as packaging labeling 00:04:08.00000:04:08.010 textiles and various other applications 00:04:12.37900:04:12.389 propylene also oxidizes to produce 00:04:15.03000:04:15.040 acrolein in the presence of excess or 00:04:19.17000:04:19.180 insufficient oxygen propylene combusts 00:04:22.05000:04:22.060 to form water and carbon dioxide 00:04:25.15900:04:25.169 finally the 00:04:26.94000:04:26.950 of halogens result in a halogenation 00:04:29.40000:04:29.410 reaction as well the primary source of 00:04:33.93000:04:33.940 propylene is from cracking naphtha and 00:04:36.09000:04:36.100 other liquids such as gas oil condensing 00:04:39.48000:04:39.490 to produce both ethylene and propylene 00:04:41.78000:04:41.790 the cracking of liquid feedstocks is 00:04:44.58000:04:44.590 carried out predominantly in Europe and 00:04:47.28000:04:47.290 Asia but less so in the Middle East and 00:04:49.68000:04:49.690 North America a growing source of 00:04:52.65000:04:52.660 propylene particularly in the u.s. is 00:04:54.93000:04:54.940 from refineries where splitters 00:04:56.94000:04:56.950 recovered from the off gases produced by 00:04:59.79000:04:59.800 fluid catalytic cracking 00:05:01.85000:05:01.860 however refinery propylene needs to be 00:05:05.07000:05:05.080 purified for both chemical and polymer 00:05:07.77000:05:07.780 use with propylene demand growing faster 00:05:11.25000:05:11.260 than ethylene on purpose technologies 00:05:13.80000:05:13.810 are being employed increasingly to make 00:05:15.99000:05:16.000 more the main on-purpose process used is 00:05:19.80000:05:19.810 propane dehydrogenation or pdh in which 00:05:24.26000:05:24.270 propane is converted to propylene at 500 00:05:27.81000:05:27.820 to 700 degrees Celsius in a reactor 00:05:30.96000:05:30.970 containing a noble metal catalyst in a 00:05:34.11000:05:34.120 market study nearly 85 million tons were 00:05:37.05000:05:37.060 processed in 2013 for the majority being 00:05:40.35000:05:40.360 in China the United States and Western 00:05:42.99000:05:43.000 Europe which has been consistently 00:05:45.39000:05:45.400 producing over 14,000 kilotons a year as 00:05:49.56000:05:49.570 shown by the production chart propylene 00:05:54.03000:05:54.040 has virtually no use as is but instead 00:05:57.06000:05:57.070 is an important raw material used in the 00:05:59.31000:05:59.320 production of other organic chemicals 00:06:01.86000:06:01.870 such as propylene oxide cumene acrylic 00:06:05.43000:06:05.440 acid and glycerin polypropylene is 00:06:08.97000:06:08.980 applied to a variety of fields for its 00:06:11.67000:06:11.680 relatively low cost and excellent 00:06:14.34000:06:14.350 rigidity heat resistance and gloss and 00:06:17.69000:06:17.700 therefore is produced in high volumes 00:06:20.28000:06:20.290 and actually accounts for about two 00:06:22.56000:06:22.570 thirds of propylene demand the polymers 00:06:25.80000:06:25.810 main applications are in the production 00:06:27.90000:06:27.910 of films packaging electrical appliances 00:06:31.50000:06:31.510 wire and is the plastic utilized in one 00:06:34.98000:06:34.990 third of automobiles in industry and 00:06:38.13000:06:38.140 workshops propylene is used as 00:06:40.71000:06:40.720 alternative field to welding and cutting 00:06:43.22000:06:43.230 brazing and heating of metal for the 00:06:46.02000:06:46.030 purpose of bending there has also been 00:06:48.78000:06:48.790 interest in using propylene as a main 00:06:51.15000:06:51.160 component and rocket engine fuel 00:06:54.68000:06:54.690 aromatics are the second main class of 00:06:57.42000:06:57.430 petrochemicals they are typically range 00:07:00.15000:07:00.160 shaped molecules which makes them 00:07:01.59000:07:01.600 unusually stable the term aromaticity is 00:07:04.92000:07:04.930 used to describe these structures they 00:07:07.17000:07:07.180 typically have alternating single and 00:07:09.00000:07:09.010 double bonds in the ring this also makes 00:07:11.82000:07:11.830 them difficult to break apart or react 00:07:13.92000:07:13.930 with other substances because they are 00:07:15.66000:07:15.670 quite happy with their structures 00:07:17.45000:07:17.460 aromatic compounds also play a key role 00:07:20.16000:07:20.170 in the biochemistry of living organisms 00:07:22.65000:07:22.660 in this presentation we will talk about 00:07:25.32000:07:25.330 three of the main subgroups of aromatics 00:07:27.66000:07:27.670 in the petrochemical industry aromatics 00:07:30.84000:07:30.850 can also be referred to by the acronym 00:07:32.57000:07:32.580 BTX 00:07:33.78000:07:33.790 which stands for the main subgroups in 00:07:35.52000:07:35.530 the petroleum industry they are 00:07:37.74000:07:37.750 typically produced from the catalytic 00:07:39.63000:07:39.640 reforming of naphtha benzene has the 00:07:44.25000:07:44.260 molecular formula c6h6 00:07:47.15900:07:47.169 and a molecular weight of 78 point 11 00:07:49.74000:07:49.750 grams per mole this organic chemical 00:07:52.40900:07:52.419 compound is glass as a hydrocarbon and 00:07:54.60000:07:54.610 is a natural constitute of crude oil it 00:07:57.24000:07:57.250 has very distinctive properties and is 00:07:59.21900:07:59.229 used as a precursor in the manufacturing 00:08:01.26000:08:01.270 of more complex chemicals it was first 00:08:04.11000:08:04.120 isolated and identified by Michael 00:08:06.18000:08:06.190 Faraday in 1825 from the oily residue 00:08:09.24000:08:09.250 derived from the from the production of 00:08:11.58000:08:11.590 illuminating gas although its molecular 00:08:14.21900:08:14.229 formula was known many scientists were 00:08:17.01000:08:17.020 initially confused on how the structure 00:08:18.84000:08:18.850 of benzene was organized its rank 00:08:21.30000:08:21.310 formula was then discovered by August 00:08:23.49000:08:23.500 kekulé a who realized the structure 00:08:25.65000:08:25.660 after daydreaming of a snake chasing its 00:08:27.99000:08:28.000 own tail 00:08:29.24000:08:29.250 benzene had many early uses before its 00:08:32.21900:08:32.229 toxicity was well known including being 00:08:35.04000:08:35.050 used in school laboratories which is 00:08:36.95900:08:36.969 suppose students to the chemical this 00:08:39.36000:08:39.370 practice is almost now eliminated 00:08:42.29000:08:42.300 benzene is a highly in demand product it 00:08:45.48000:08:45.490 is primarily produced in Asia Western 00:08:48.24000:08:48.250 Europe and America it is found in 00:08:50.52000:08:50.530 petroleum and coal but is also a 00:08:52.50000:08:52.510 byproduct of income 00:08:53.96000:08:53.970 combustion there are four specific 00:08:56.11900:08:56.129 processes tipped benzene production 00:08:59.07900:08:59.089 catalytic reforming is a petroleum 00:09:01.34000:09:01.350 refinery process in which low arts and 00:09:03.55900:09:03.569 products of catalytic cracking are 00:09:05.36000:09:05.370 reformed into higher octane ones such as 00:09:07.67000:09:07.680 gasoline under high pressure and 00:09:09.71000:09:09.720 temperature and in the presence of 00:09:11.17900:09:11.189 catalysts toluene hydrodealkylation 00:09:14.80000:09:14.810 converts toluene to benzene toluene is 00:09:18.29000:09:18.300 mixed with hydrogen and then passed over 00:09:20.42000:09:20.430 chromium or platinum outside catalysts 00:09:22.80900:09:22.819 sometimes higher temperatures are used 00:09:25.18900:09:25.199 instead of a catalyst and toluene 00:09:28.12900:09:28.139 disproportionation to toluene molecules 00:09:31.24900:09:31.259 are reacted and the methyl groups 00:09:32.92900:09:32.939 rearrange from one timing molecule to 00:09:35.54000:09:35.550 the other this heald's one benzene 00:09:38.24000:09:38.250 molecule and one xylene molecule steam 00:09:42.17000:09:42.180 cracking can produce a benzene rich 00:09:44.09000:09:44.100 liquid by-product called pyrolysis 00:09:46.54000:09:46.550 gasoline pyrolysis gasoline can be 00:09:49.85000:09:49.860 blended with other hydrocarbons as a 00:09:51.67900:09:51.689 gasoline additive or routed through an 00:09:53.86900:09:53.879 extraction process to recover BTX 00:09:56.48000:09:56.490 aromatics in present-day benzene is 00:10:00.17000:10:00.180 typically used as an intermediate to 00:10:02.32900:10:02.339 make other chemicals more than 50% goes 00:10:05.42000:10:05.430 to produce ethyl benzene 20% to 00:10:08.17900:10:08.189 manufacture cumin and 10% goes to 00:10:11.32900:10:11.339 produce cyclohexane benzene is also used 00:10:15.19900:10:15.209 as an additive in rubbers lubricants 00:10:17.80900:10:17.819 dyes detergents drugs explosives and 00:10:20.66000:10:20.670 pesticides as the u.s. is facing out 00:10:23.99000:10:24.000 leaded gasoline benzene is making a 00:10:26.54000:10:26.550 comeback as a gasoline additives it 00:10:29.24000:10:29.250 increases the octane rating and reduces 00:10:31.79000:10:31.800 knocking which is an explosion of the 00:10:33.71000:10:33.720 airs and gasoline mixture benzene is 00:10:37.40000:10:37.410 however limited to less than 1% by the 00:10:40.04000:10:40.050 Environmental Protection Agency due to 00:10:42.98000:10:42.990 its toxicity and the fear of it entering 00:10:45.47000:10:45.480 our groundwater systems 00:10:47.41000:10:47.420 julene occurs naturally at low levels 00:10:49.93900:10:49.949 from crude oil and is usually produced 00:10:51.98000:10:51.990 in the processes of gasoline via a 00:10:54.19900:10:54.209 catalytic reformer and an ethylene 00:10:56.24000:10:56.250 cracker or making coke from coal it is 00:10:58.73000:10:58.740 widely used in industry often as a 00:11:00.65000:11:00.660 substitute for benzene chemical formula 00:11:03.59000:11:03.600 C 7h 8 containing 7 carbon atoms 00:11:07.07900:11:07.089 eight hydrogen atoms in a molecular 00:11:08.51900:11:08.529 weight of 92 point one four it's a 00:11:11.42900:11:11.439 petrochemical classified under aromatics 00:11:13.73900:11:13.749 along with benzene and xylene isomers 00:11:16.06900:11:16.079 tulane is classified under the SIA 00:11:18.29900:11:18.309 category because the physical 00:11:20.73000:11:20.740 characteristics of the compound are as 00:11:22.47000:11:22.480 follows colorless liquid with a sweet 00:11:25.19900:11:25.209 pungent benzene like odor it is 00:11:27.23900:11:27.249 considered very aromatic to me has 15 00:11:30.17900:11:30.189 singing barns all benzene only has 12 00:11:32.36900:11:32.379 Sigma bonds the difference between the 00:11:34.43900:11:34.449 two comes from the fact that a single 00:11:36.36000:11:36.370 bond between a carbon atom and the 00:11:38.22000:11:38.230 hydrogen atom has been replaced by a 00:11:39.96000:11:39.970 sigma bond between two carbons 2 lean is 00:11:43.07900:11:43.089 a methyl derivative of benzene all 00:11:45.44900:11:45.459 carbon atoms of benzene are sp2 00:11:47.57900:11:47.589 hybridized while the carbon atom of 00:11:49.73900:11:49.749 methyl group is sp3 hybridized bonded 00:11:52.67900:11:52.689 with three hydrogen atoms in one 00:11:54.56900:11:54.579 aromatic carbon atom the carbon-carbon 00:11:57.68900:11:57.699 bond length is almost similar like in 00:11:59.67000:11:59.680 benzene and it's an intermediate value 00:12:01.88900:12:01.899 of a single and double bond and carbon 00:12:04.67900:12:04.689 hydrogen bond lengths to mean exists in 00:12:07.49900:12:07.509 all physical States gas vapor liquid in 00:12:10.94900:12:10.959 wet solid it has a flash point of 40 00:12:13.73900:12:13.749 degrees Fahrenheit a boiling point of 00:12:15.76900:12:15.779 232 degrees Fahrenheit and a melting 00:12:18.86900:12:18.879 point of 139 degrees Fahrenheit 00:12:20.93900:12:20.949 it is less dense than water weighing 7.2 00:12:23.73000:12:23.740 pounds per gallon and is insoluble in 00:12:25.98000:12:25.990 water alternative names for this 00:12:28.07900:12:28.089 compound consist of methyl benzene 00:12:29.81900:12:29.829 innocent and phenyl methane Toulon has 00:12:33.92900:12:33.939 numerous commercial and industrial 00:12:35.28000:12:35.290 applications for instance as a solvent 00:12:38.04000:12:38.050 in plants lacquers thinners glues 00:12:41.16000:12:41.170 correction fluids nail polish remover 00:12:44.04000:12:44.050 and is used in the printing in leather 00:12:46.07900:12:46.089 tanning processes terrain can be used in 00:12:49.47000:12:49.480 as an octane booster into gasoline fuels 00:12:51.68900:12:51.699 used in internal combustion engines 00:12:54.37900:12:54.389 absolute to Loon can even be used as a 00:12:57.44900:12:57.459 fuel for both two-stroke and four-stroke 00:12:59.21000:12:59.220 engines 00:13:00.98000:13:00.990 aside from toolings and many helpful 00:13:03.29900:13:03.309 uses to link can be extremely toxic to 00:13:05.79000:13:05.800 humans it targets the central nervous 00:13:07.91900:13:07.929 system the side effects can be fatal and 00:13:10.79900:13:10.809 very harmful it may cause irritation of 00:13:13.19900:13:13.209 the eyes 00:13:13.47000:13:13.480 respiratory tract and skin repeated or 00:13:16.76900:13:16.779 prolonged contact with the liquid may 00:13:18.44900:13:18.459 cause removal of natural 00:13:20.13900:13:20.149 from the skin was looking dry they 00:13:22.60000:13:22.610 should dermatitis low level chronic 00:13:25.50900:13:25.519 exposure as well as acute exposure to 00:13:27.87900:13:27.889 Tulane Arizona central nervous system 00:13:30.12900:13:30.139 depression and decreased memory other 00:13:33.16000:13:33.170 minor symptoms include headaches 00:13:34.80900:13:34.819 dizziness fatigue muscular weakness and 00:13:38.01900:13:38.029 drowsiness the rate of polluted gases in 00:13:41.82900:13:41.839 the atmosphere comprises of dissolved 00:13:43.50900:13:43.519 organic compounds which affects the 00:13:45.67000:13:45.680 environment apparently one of the best 00:13:47.79900:13:47.809 methods to reduce harmful gases in the 00:13:49.62900:13:49.639 environment that's bioreactors the bio 00:13:51.97000:13:51.980 reactors are abundantly used to degrade 00:13:53.88900:13:53.899 those substances depending upon various 00:13:56.11000:13:56.120 parameters and suitable materials like 00:13:58.29900:13:58.309 packing material and microbes 00:14:00.05900:14:00.069 one such dissolved organic compound 00:14:02.94900:14:02.959 which is highly toxic payment beings and 00:14:04.80900:14:04.819 also present in the gaseous state is 00:14:06.34000:14:06.350 Tulane a bioreactor is in vessel in 00:14:08.88900:14:08.899 which a chemical process is carried out 00:14:10.60000:14:10.610 this process can be conducted either 00:14:12.63900:14:12.649 aerobically or anaerobically these bio 00:14:16.17900:14:16.189 reactors are commonly cylindrical 00:14:18.03000:14:18.040 capacity ranging in size from leaders to 00:14:20.67900:14:20.689 cubic meters and are made from stainless 00:14:22.32900:14:22.339 steels material such as air compressors 00:14:24.61000:14:24.620 and oxygen tanks when a spill or leak of 00:14:27.75900:14:27.769 Thun occurs there are several treatments 00:14:29.76900:14:29.779 the industry uses to fix the problem 00:14:31.56900:14:31.579 treatments used are physicochemical 00:14:34.15000:14:34.160 treatment methods bio filtration bio 00:14:37.09000:14:37.100 degradation thermal oxidation and 00:14:39.54900:14:39.559 catalytic oxidation all these biological 00:14:43.17900:14:43.189 treatment methods can convert to wean 00:14:44.91900:14:44.929 into carbon dioxide water salt or 00:14:47.61900:14:47.629 biomass having a safe clean up silane is 00:14:51.73000:14:51.740 a subset of aroma tics and like many 00:14:53.71000:14:53.720 other rheumatics 00:14:54.61000:14:54.620 xylene is a colorless liquid with a 00:14:56.31900:14:56.329 strong sweet odor however most of the 00:14:59.19900:14:59.209 time xylene is known as three main 00:15:00.87900:15:00.889 isomers ortho xylene medicine lien and 00:15:03.91000:15:03.920 para xylene some background information 00:15:05.82900:15:05.839 for xylene is that it was first isolated 00:15:07.56900:15:07.579 and discovered by August Coors in 1850 00:15:11.01900:15:11.029 after it was discovered as a component 00:15:12.34000:15:12.350 of wood tar 00:15:13.26900:15:13.279 an alternate name for exiling is known 00:15:16.48000:15:16.490 as dimethyl benzene due to the change in 00:15:19.09000:15:19.100 chemical structure of various methyl 00:15:20.71000:15:20.720 group on the benzene ring 00:15:22.09000:15:22.100 xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon and is 00:15:25.36000:15:25.370 known to be a flammable liquid that can 00:15:26.91900:15:26.929 be moderately soluble in water it ranks 00:15:29.59000:15:29.600 as one of the top 30 major petrochemical 00:15:31.53900:15:31.549 when considering volume distribution 00:15:34.12000:15:34.130 some interesting facts about xylene is 00:15:36.67000:15:36.680 that it's the second highest aroma tic 00:15:38.65000:15:38.660 product ranking behind benzene and ahead 00:15:41.29000:15:41.300 of tooling majority of the time products 00:15:43.78000:15:43.790 are composed of a mix styling a blend of 00:15:46.56900:15:46.579 the three isomers and the other products 00:15:48.28000:15:48.290 like ethyl benzene the most abundant of 00:15:51.04000:15:51.050 the xylene isomers would have to be meta 00:15:52.87000:15:52.880 xylene but because of its abundance the 00:15:55.26900:15:55.279 value of this particular isomer makes it 00:15:57.28000:15:57.290 thus valuable over the recent years para 00:16:00.49000:16:00.500 xylene has been a popular isomer used 00:16:02.49900:16:02.509 but mix silenced seal remains as that 00:16:05.05000:16:05.060 widely used I mean out there especially 00:16:07.12000:16:07.130 in Asian countries the Asian market with 00:16:09.93900:16:09.949 its large population growing demand for 00:16:12.30900:16:12.319 polyester fiber and polyester resins and 00:16:14.76900:16:14.779 corresponding growth in the polyester 00:16:16.72000:16:16.730 industry is solidifying its position as 00:16:19.32900:16:19.339 the center of influence with a mix 00:16:20.88900:16:20.899 Thailand market although the biggest 00:16:23.07900:16:23.089 producers dialing to this day has to be 00:16:24.81900:16:24.829 Exxon Mobil Chemical do it to its 00:16:26.92000:16:26.930 worldwide locations and productions of 00:16:29.19900:16:29.209 petroleum products using xylene xylene 00:16:32.41000:16:32.420 has many uses as a solvent it can be 00:16:34.36000:16:34.370 used industrially by chemical and patrol 00:16:36.40000:16:36.410 man manufacturer polyester manufacture 00:16:39.38900:16:39.399 manufacturer of paint dyes and lacquers 00:16:41.65000:16:41.660 or it could be used in domestic products 00:16:43.90000:16:43.910 such as aerosol paint architectural 00:16:46.05900:16:46.069 coatings automobile and machinery paints 00:16:48.18900:16:48.199 and primers insecticides and fungicides 00:16:50.07900:16:50.089 for yard and garden paints varnish and 00:16:52.78000:16:52.790 paint varnish removers and thinners 00:16:54.92900:16:54.939 pesticides shoe polish and primers 00:16:57.55000:16:57.560 sealant and wood office furniture 00:16:59.24900:16:59.259 however the difference in the isomers 00:17:01.42000:17:01.430 play a role in the uses because medicine 00:17:02.94900:17:02.959 lien and para xylene are natural 00:17:04.41900:17:04.429 occurrences in petroleum while ortho 00:17:06.54900:17:06.559 xylene is found in coal tar petroleum 00:17:08.86000:17:08.870 forests and bush fires and plant 00:17:11.86000:17:11.870 emissions most of these sources of 00:17:13.60000:17:13.610 xylenes 00:17:14.11000:17:14.120 ends up releasing the chemical into the 00:17:15.90900:17:15.919 air contaminating and exposing this 00:17:17.62000:17:17.630 hazardous chemical to many people a high 00:17:21.10000:17:21.110 level exposure of xylene to a person can 00:17:23.11000:17:23.120 cause dizziness passing out ends up 00:17:24.97000:17:24.980 there are few ways Las Island can be 00:17:26.98000:17:26.990 exposed to the person the main exposure 00:17:29.08000:17:29.090 of xylene to many people is from patrol 00:17:31.12000:17:31.130 automotive exhaust or just using 00:17:33.03900:17:33.049 everyday domestic products that contain 00:17:35.35000:17:35.360 eggs Eileen when using a room with 00:17:37.57000:17:37.580 little ventilation it is easy to succumb 00:17:39.52000:17:39.530 to the symptoms silence can cause 00:17:41.85000:17:41.860 however since it is used in many 00:17:43.89900:17:43.909 consumer products shorts from X 00:17:46.23000:17:46.240 is considered safe workers that are 00:17:48.93000:17:48.940 continuously exposed to selling can 00:17:50.63900:17:50.649 damage their neuropsychiatric 00:17:51.93000:17:51.940 permanently when exposed to xylene the 00:17:54.72000:17:54.730 skin eyes and respiratory charts can 00:17:57.21000:17:57.220 become irritated due to it most likely 00:17:58.85900:17:58.869 being inhaled symptoms of xylene poison 00:18:02.12900:18:02.139 can range from CNS affects ventricular 00:18:04.83000:18:04.840 arrhythmias acute pulmonary edema 00:18:08.26900:18:08.279 respiratory depression nausea vomiting 00:18:10.91900:18:10.929 and reversible him hepatic impairment 00:18:15.61900:18:15.629 overall expansion of the population and 00:18:18.35900:18:18.369 an increase an individual purchasing 00:18:20.34000:18:20.350 power have resulted in an increase in 00:18:22.37900:18:22.389 demand for finished goods and greater 00:18:24.60000:18:24.610 consumption of energy in China India and 00:18:26.97000:18:26.980 Latin America as both energy in chemical 00:18:30.11900:18:30.129 markets compete frydrych carbon molecule 00:18:32.54900:18:32.559 demand fluctuations and energy demand 00:18:35.07000:18:35.080 can controversy affect petrochemical 00:18:37.47000:18:37.480 market fatality lower crude oil prices 00:18:40.35000:18:40.360 and lower energy consumption will lead 00:18:42.69000:18:42.700 to higher petrochemical demand and 00:18:44.46000:18:44.470 vice-versa 00:18:45.61900:18:45.629 as stated before chemicals derived from 00:18:48.81000:18:48.820 petroleum or natural gas are 00:18:50.60000:18:50.610 petrochemicals which are essential to 00:18:52.76900:18:52.779 today's industry petro chemistry is a 00:18:55.73900:18:55.749 fairly young industry that only started 00:18:57.81000:18:57.820 growing in the 1940s during world war ii 00:19:00.57000:19:00.580 the demand for synthetic materials 00:19:02.36900:19:02.379 caused the petrochemical industry to 00:19:04.61900:19:04.629 develop into a major necessity in 00:19:06.48000:19:06.490 today's economy in society 00:19:09.01900:19:09.029 petrochemicals do not reach the final 00:19:11.03900:19:11.049 consumer they're sold into other 00:19:12.93000:19:12.940 industries so that they can undergo 00:19:14.39900:19:14.409 transformations to create the products 00:19:16.71000:19:16.720 that seemingly bear no relation 00:19:18.09000:19:18.100 whatsoever into the initial raw material 00:19:20.35900:19:20.369 the environmental movement's bought in 00:19:23.07000:19:23.080 the 1960s and 70s led Americans to be 00:19:26.03900:19:26.049 wary of industries that blew the 00:19:27.76900:19:27.779 industry slowed but was not stopped in 00:19:30.33000:19:30.340 the 1980s and 1990s it was largely 00:19:33.21000:19:33.220 restructured in the major petrochemical 00:19:35.94000:19:35.950 companies such as shell and Mobil 00:19:37.79900:19:37.809 created company mergers to strengthen 00:19:39.74900:19:39.759 their marketplace
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