00:00:00.469 plastic is material consisting of any of 00:00:03.16900:00:03.179 a wide range of synthetic or semi 00:00:04.94000:00:04.950 synthetic organic compounds that are 00:00:06.68000:00:06.690 malleable and so can be molded into 00:00:08.41900:00:08.429 solid objects plasticity is the general 00:00:11.90000:00:11.910 property of all materials which can 00:00:13.73000:00:13.740 deform irreversibly without breaking but 00:00:15.74000:00:15.750 in the class of moldable polymers this 00:00:17.77900:00:17.789 occurs to such a degree that their 00:00:19.34000:00:19.350 actual name derives from this specific 00:00:21.05000:00:21.060 ability plastics are typically organic 00:00:24.43900:00:24.449 polymers of high molecular mass and 00:00:26.17900:00:26.189 often contain other substances they are 00:00:28.91000:00:28.920 usually synthetic most commonly derived 00:00:31.13000:00:31.140 from petrochemicals however an array of 00:00:33.41000:00:33.420 variants are made from renewable 00:00:35.09000:00:35.100 materials such as poly lactic acid from 00:00:37.28000:00:37.290 corn or cellulose Ickx from cotton 00:00:38.99000:00:39.000 linters due to their low cost ease of 00:00:41.00000:00:41.010 manufacture versatility and 00:00:42.77000:00:42.780 imperviousness to water plastics are 00:00:44.99000:00:45.000 used in a multitude of products of 00:00:46.72900:00:46.739 different scale including paper clips 00:00:48.59000:00:48.600 and spacecraft they have prevailed over 00:00:51.31900:00:51.329 traditional materials such as wood stone 00:00:53.75000:00:53.760 horn and bone leather metal glass and 00:00:56.24000:00:56.250 ceramic in some products previously left 00:00:58.67000:00:58.680 to natural materials in developed 00:01:01.58000:01:01.590 economies about 1/3 of plastic is used 00:01:03.97900:01:03.989 in packaging and roughly the same in 00:01:05.78000:01:05.790 buildings in applications such as piping 00:01:07.94000:01:07.950 plumbing or vinyl siding other uses 00:01:10.58000:01:10.590 include automobiles up to 20 percent 00:01:12.62000:01:12.630 plastic furniture and toys in the 00:01:15.77000:01:15.780 developing world the applications of 00:01:17.66000:01:17.670 plastic may differ 42% of india's 00:01:20.63000:01:20.640 consumption is used in packaging 00:01:22.03900:01:22.049 plastics have many uses in the medical 00:01:24.53000:01:24.540 field as well with the introduction of 00:01:26.30000:01:26.310 polymer implants and other medical 00:01:28.01000:01:28.020 devices derived at least partially from 00:01:30.08000:01:30.090 plastic the field of plastic surgery is 00:01:32.99000:01:33.000 not named for use of plastic materials 00:01:35.06000:01:35.070 but rather the meaning of the word 00:01:36.49900:01:36.509 plasticity with regard to the reshaping 00:01:38.60000:01:38.610 of flesh the world's first fully 00:01:41.27000:01:41.280 synthetic plastic was bakelite invented 00:01:43.67000:01:43.680 in New York in 1907 by leo baekeland who 00:01:46.58000:01:46.590 coined the term plastics many chemists 00:01:49.37000:01:49.380 have contributed to the material science 00:01:51.35000:01:51.360 of plastics including Nobel laureate 00:01:53.45000:01:53.460 Hermann star dinger who has been called 00:01:55.31000:01:55.320 the father of polymer chemistry and 00:01:57.76000:01:57.770 Hermann mark known as the father of 00:02:00.62000:02:00.630 polymer physics the success and 00:02:03.28900:02:03.299 dominance of plastics starting in the 00:02:04.99900:02:05.009 early 20th century led to environmental 00:02:07.16000:02:07.170 concerns regarding its slow 00:02:08.77900:02:08.789 decomposition rate after being discarded 00:02:10.99900:02:11.009 as trash due to its composition of large 00:02:13.07000:02:13.080 molecule 00:02:13.94900:02:13.959 toward the end of the century one 00:02:16.30000:02:16.310 approach to this problem was met with 00:02:17.97900:02:17.989 wide efforts toward recycling 00:02:24.36000:02:24.370 topic etymology the word plastic derives 00:02:31.24000:02:31.250 from the greek plastic off plastic off 00:02:33.19000:02:33.200 meaning capable of being shaped or 00:02:35.68000:02:35.690 molded and in turn from plasto's 00:02:38.44000:02:38.450 plasto's meaning molded the plasticity 00:02:41.53000:02:41.540 or malleability of the material during 00:02:44.02000:02:44.030 manufacture allows it to be cast pressed 00:02:46.39000:02:46.400 or extruded into a variety of shapes 00:02:48.49000:02:48.500 such as films fibers plates tubes 00:02:51.22000:02:51.230 bottles boxes amongst many others the 00:02:54.70000:02:54.710 common noun plastic should not be 00:02:56.26000:02:56.270 confused with the technical adjective 00:02:58.00000:02:58.010 plastic the adjective is applicable to 00:03:00.61000:03:00.620 any material which undergoes a plastic 00:03:02.83000:03:02.840 deformation or permanent change of shape 00:03:04.93000:03:04.940 when strained beyond a certain point 00:03:07.05000:03:07.060 for example aluminium which is stamped 00:03:09.79000:03:09.800 or forged exhibits plasticity in this 00:03:11.92000:03:11.930 sense but is not plastic in the common 00:03:13.84000:03:13.850 sense by contrast some plastics will in 00:03:17.05000:03:17.060 their finished forms break before 00:03:18.58000:03:18.590 deforming and therefore are not plastic 00:03:20.56000:03:20.570 in the technical sense 00:03:26.52000:03:26.530 topic structure most plastics contain 00:03:33.43000:03:33.440 organic polymers the vast majority of 00:03:35.92000:03:35.930 these polymers are formed from chains of 00:03:37.90000:03:37.910 carbon atoms pure or with the addition 00:03:39.85000:03:39.860 of oxygen nitrogen or sulfur the chains 00:03:43.03000:03:43.040 comprise many repeat units form from 00:03:45.25000:03:45.260 monomers each polymer chain will have 00:03:47.50000:03:47.510 several thousand repeating units the 00:03:50.38000:03:50.390 backbone is the part of the chain that 00:03:52.15000:03:52.160 is on the main path linking together a 00:03:55.15000:03:55.160 large number of repeat units to 00:03:58.06000:03:58.070 customize the properties of a plastic 00:03:59.89000:03:59.900 different molecular groups hang from 00:04:02.80000:04:02.810 this backbone these pendant units are 00:04:04.93000:04:04.940 usually hung on the monomers before the 00:04:07.90000:04:07.910 monomers themselves are linked together 00:04:09.34000:04:09.350 to form the polymer chain it is the 00:04:11.95000:04:11.960 structure of these side chains that 00:04:13.51000:04:13.520 influences the properties of the polymer 00:04:15.60000:04:15.610 the molecular structure of the repeating 00:04:18.31000:04:18.320 unit can be fine-tuned to influence 00:04:20.19900:04:20.209 specific properties in the polymer 00:04:26.58000:04:26.590 topic properties and classifications 00:04:33.14900:04:33.159 plastics are usually classified by the 00:04:35.64900:04:35.659 chemical structure of the polymers 00:04:37.45000:04:37.460 backbone and side chains some important 00:04:39.76000:04:39.770 groups in these classifications are the 00:04:41.77000:04:41.780 acrylics polyesters silicones poly 00:04:44.26000:04:44.270 urethanes and halogenated plastics 00:04:47.27900:04:47.289 plastics can also be classified by the 00:04:49.86900:04:49.879 chemical process used in their synthesis 00:04:52.14900:04:52.159 such as condensation poly addition and 00:04:54.64000:04:54.650 cross-linking plastics can also be 00:04:56.86000:04:56.870 classified by their various physical 00:04:58.60000:04:58.610 properties such as oddness density 00:05:00.99900:05:01.009 tensile strength resistance to heat and 00:05:03.45900:05:03.469 glass transition temperature and by 00:05:05.32000:05:05.330 their chemical properties such as the 00:05:07.08900:05:07.099 organic chemistry of the polymer in its 00:05:09.04000:05:09.050 resistance and reaction to various 00:05:10.99000:05:11.000 chemical products and processes such as 00:05:13.08900:05:13.099 organic solvents oxidation and ionizing 00:05:15.96900:05:15.979 radiation in particular most plastics 00:05:19.14900:05:19.159 will melt upon heating to a few hundred 00:05:20.80000:05:20.810 degrees Celsius other classifications 00:05:23.37900:05:23.389 are based on qualities that are relevant 00:05:25.11900:05:25.129 for manufacturing or product design 00:05:27.68900:05:27.699 examples of such qualities and classes 00:05:30.30900:05:30.319 are thermoplastics and thermosets 00:05:31.95000:05:31.960 conductive polymers biodegradable 00:05:34.33000:05:34.340 plastics and engineering plastics and 00:05:36.43000:05:36.440 other plastics with particular 00:05:37.99000:05:38.000 structures such as elastomers topic 00:05:45.57000:05:45.580 thermoplastics and thermosetting 00:05:47.20000:05:47.210 polymers one important classification of 00:05:53.40900:05:53.419 plastics is by the permanence or 00:05:55.05900:05:55.069 impermanence of their form or whether 00:05:56.83000:05:56.840 they are thermoplastics or thermosetting 00:05:59.08000:05:59.090 polymers thermoplastics are the plastics 00:06:02.46900:06:02.479 that when heated did not undergo 00:06:03.99900:06:04.009 chemical change in their composition and 00:06:06.01000:06:06.020 so can be molded again and again 00:06:08.12900:06:08.139 examples include polyethylene PE 00:06:10.71900:06:10.729 polypropylene PP ha styrene PS and 00:06:14.20000:06:14.210 polyvinyl chloride PVC common 00:06:17.46900:06:17.479 thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 00:06:20.07000:06:20.080 500,000 atomic mass units while thermo 00:06:22.93000:06:22.940 sets are assumed to have infinite 00:06:24.51900:06:24.529 molecular weight thermo sets or 00:06:27.39900:06:27.409 thermosetting polymers can melt and take 00:06:29.64900:06:29.659 shape only once after they have 00:06:31.45000:06:31.460 solidified they stay solid in the thermo 00:06:34.51000:06:34.520 setting process a chemical reaction 00:06:36.43000:06:36.440 occurs that is irreversible 00:06:38.36000:06:38.370 the vulcanization of rubber is an 00:06:40.58000:06:40.590 example of a thermosetting process 00:06:42.53000:06:42.540 before heating with sulfur the 00:06:44.27000:06:44.280 polyisoprene is a tacky slightly runny 00:06:46.52000:06:46.530 material after vulcanization the product 00:06:49.12900:06:49.139 is rigid and non tacky 00:06:55.00000:06:55.010 topic amorphous plastics and crystalline 00:06:58.28000:06:58.290 plastics 00:07:01.93000:07:01.940 many plastics are completely amorphous 00:07:04.58000:07:04.590 such as all thermo sets polystyrene in 00:07:07.31000:07:07.320 its copolymers and poly methyl 00:07:08.84000:07:08.850 methacrylate 00:07:10.27000:07:10.280 however some plastics are partially 00:07:12.83000:07:12.840 crystalline and partially amorphous in 00:07:14.75000:07:14.760 molecular structure giving them both a 00:07:16.70000:07:16.710 melting point the temperature at which 00:07:18.47000:07:18.480 the attractive intermolecular forces are 00:07:20.54000:07:20.550 overcome and also one or more blast 00:07:22.79000:07:22.800 transitions the temperatures above which 00:07:24.89000:07:24.900 the extent of localized molecular 00:07:26.81000:07:26.820 flexibility is substantially increased 00:07:29.11000:07:29.120 these so-called semi crystalline 00:07:31.61000:07:31.620 plastics include polyethylene 00:07:33.47000:07:33.480 polypropylene polyvinyl chloride 00:07:35.69000:07:35.700 polyamides nylons polyesters and some 00:07:38.42000:07:38.430 poly urethanes 00:07:43.99000:07:44.000 topic conductive polymers intrinsically 00:07:50.63000:07:50.640 conducting polymers ICP our organic 00:07:53.27000:07:53.280 polymers that conduct electricity while 00:07:56.12000:07:56.130 plastics can be made electrically 00:07:57.80000:07:57.810 conductive with a contact if 'ti of up 00:07:59.78000:07:59.790 to 80 kilo Siemens per centimeter in 00:08:02.12000:08:02.130 stretch oriented polyacetylene they are 00:08:04.19000:08:04.200 still no match for most metals like 00:08:06.08000:08:06.090 copper which have a conductivity of 00:08:07.79000:08:07.800 several hundred kilo Siemens per 00:08:09.71000:08:09.720 centimeter nevertheless this is a 00:08:12.26000:08:12.270 developing field 00:08:17.32000:08:17.330 topic biodegradable plastics and bio 00:08:20.54000:08:20.550 plastics biodegradable plastics or 00:08:26.54000:08:26.550 plastics that degrade or break down upon 00:08:28.97000:08:28.980 exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet 00:08:31.22000:08:31.230 radiation Auto dampness bacterial 00:08:33.86000:08:33.870 enzymes or winter bration in some 00:08:36.70900:08:36.719 instances rodent pest or insect attack 00:08:39.20000:08:39.210 can also be considered as forms of bio 00:08:41.20900:08:41.219 degradation or environmental degradation 00:08:43.99000:08:44.000 some modes of degradation require that 00:08:46.82000:08:46.830 the plastic be exposed at the surface 00:08:48.35000:08:48.360 aerobic whereas other modes will only be 00:08:51.08000:08:51.090 effective if certain conditions exist in 00:08:53.21000:08:53.220 landfill or composting systems and 00:08:55.25000:08:55.260 aerobic some companies produce 00:08:57.85000:08:57.860 biodegradable additives to enhance 00:08:59.66000:08:59.670 biodegradation plastic can have starch 00:09:02.48000:09:02.490 powder added as a filler to allow it to 00:09:04.52000:09:04.530 degrade more easily but this still does 00:09:06.53000:09:06.540 not lead to the complete breaking down 00:09:08.30000:09:08.310 of the plastic some researchers have 00:09:11.03000:09:11.040 genetically engineered bacteria to 00:09:13.13000:09:13.140 synthesize completely biodegradable 00:09:14.71000:09:14.720 plastics such as bio pol however these 00:09:17.72000:09:17.730 are expensive at present topic bio 00:09:24.86000:09:24.870 plastics while most plastics are 00:09:30.07900:09:30.089 produced from petrochemicals bio 00:09:31.88000:09:31.890 plastics are made substantially from 00:09:33.77000:09:33.780 renewable plant materials such as 00:09:35.48000:09:35.490 cellulose and starch due both to the 00:09:38.45000:09:38.460 finite limits of the petrochemical 00:09:40.25000:09:40.260 reserves and to the threat of global 00:09:41.60000:09:41.610 warming the development of bio plastics 00:09:43.57900:09:43.589 is a growing field 00:09:45.43000:09:45.440 however bioplastic development begins 00:09:48.32000:09:48.330 from a very low base and as yet does not 00:09:50.57000:09:50.580 compare significantly with petrochemical 00:09:52.70000:09:52.710 production estimates of the global 00:09:55.13000:09:55.140 production capacity for bio derived 00:09:57.14000:09:57.150 materials is put at 327 thousand tons 00:10:00.29000:10:00.300 per year 00:10:01.04000:10:01.050 in contrast global production of 00:10:03.59000:10:03.600 polyethylene PE and polypropylene PP the 00:10:06.71000:10:06.720 world's leading petrochemical derived 00:10:08.54000:10:08.550 poly olefins was estimated at over 150 00:10:11.39000:10:11.400 million tonnes in 2015 00:10:18.01000:10:18.020 topic types 00:10:26.18900:10:26.199 topic common plastics this category 00:10:32.61900:10:32.629 includes both commodity plastics or 00:10:34.56900:10:34.579 standard plastics and engineering 00:10:36.54900:10:36.559 plastics polyamides PA or nylons fibers 00:10:40.66000:10:40.670 toothbrush bristles tubing fishing line 00:10:43.11900:10:43.129 and low strength machine parts such as 00:10:45.04000:10:45.050 engine parts or gun frames polycarbonate 00:10:48.42900:10:48.439 PC compact discs eyeglasses riot shields 00:10:51.60900:10:51.619 security windows traffic lights and 00:10:53.79900:10:53.809 lenses polyester paise fibers and 00:10:57.00900:10:57.019 textiles polyethylene PE a wide range of 00:11:00.85000:11:00.860 inexpensive uses including supermarket 00:11:03.04000:11:03.050 bags and plastic bottles high-density 00:11:06.16000:11:06.170 polyethylene HDPE detergent bottles milk 00:11:09.22000:11:09.230 jugs and molded plastic cases low 00:11:12.40000:11:12.410 density polyethylene LDPE outdoor 00:11:14.88900:11:14.899 furniture siding floor tiles shower 00:11:17.31900:11:17.329 curtains and clamshell packaging 00:11:19.67900:11:19.689 polyethylene terephthalate pet 00:11:21.35900:11:21.369 carbonated drinks bottles peanut butter 00:11:23.76900:11:23.779 jars plastic film and microwavable 00:11:25.98900:11:25.999 packaging polypropylene PP bottle caps 00:11:29.59000:11:29.600 drinking straws yogurt containers 00:11:31.74900:11:31.759 appliances car fenders bumpers and 00:11:34.11900:11:34.129 plastic pressure pipe systems 00:11:36.56900:11:36.579 polystyrene EPS foam peanuts 00:11:39.10000:11:39.110 food containers plastic tableware 00:11:40.92900:11:40.939 disposable cups plates cutlery compact 00:11:43.86900:11:43.879 disc CD and cassette boxes high impact 00:11:47.61900:11:47.629 polystyrene hips refrigerator liners 00:11:50.04900:11:50.059 food packaging and vending cups poly 00:11:53.13900:11:53.149 urethanes pou cushioning foams thermal 00:11:55.56900:11:55.579 insulation foams surface coatings and 00:11:57.87900:11:57.889 printing rollers currently the sixth or 00:11:59.88900:11:59.899 seventh most commonly used plastic for 00:12:02.13900:12:02.149 instance the most commonly used plastic 00:12:04.03000:12:04.040 in cars polyvinyl chloride PVC plumbing 00:12:08.13900:12:08.149 pipes and guttering electrical wire 00:12:10.05900:12:10.069 cable insulation shower curtains window 00:12:12.66900:12:12.679 frames and flooring poly vinylidene 00:12:15.34000:12:15.350 chloride PVD sea food packaging such as 00:12:18.42900:12:18.439 saran acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 00:12:21.53900:12:21.549 ABS electronic equipment cases eg 00:12:25.07900:12:25.089 computer monitors printers keyboards and 00:12:28.05900:12:28.069 drainage pipe polycarbonate 00:12:30.60900:12:30.619 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene PC ABS a 00:12:34.29900:12:34.309 blend of PC and ABS that creates a 00:12:36.63900:12:36.649 stronger plastic used in current 00:12:38.54000:12:38.550 and exterior parts and mobile phone 00:12:40.82000:12:40.830 bodies polyethylene acrylonitrile 00:12:43.70000:12:43.710 butadiene styrene P ABS a slippery blend 00:12:47.45000:12:47.460 of PE and ABS used in low duty dry 00:12:49.88000:12:49.890 bearings 00:12:54.19000:12:54.200 topic specialist plastics polyup oxide 00:13:01.01000:13:01.020 epoxy used as an adhesive potting agent 00:13:03.65000:13:03.660 for electrical components and matrix for 00:13:05.87000:13:05.880 composite materials with hardeners 00:13:07.64000:13:07.650 including amine amide and boron 00:13:09.65000:13:09.660 trifluoride poly methyl methacrylate 00:13:12.34000:13:12.350 PMMA acrylic contact lenses of the 00:13:15.26000:13:15.270 original hard variety glazing best known 00:13:18.68000:13:18.690 in this form by its various trade names 00:13:20.78000:13:20.790 around the world 00:13:21.68000:13:21.690 eg perspex Plexiglas Ora glass Aglets 00:13:25.61000:13:25.620 fluorescent light diffuses real light 00:13:27.77000:13:27.780 covers for vehicles it forms the basis 00:13:30.74000:13:30.750 of artistic and commercial acrylic 00:13:32.45000:13:32.460 paints when suspended in water with the 00:13:34.46000:13:34.470 use of other agents 00:13:36.25000:13:36.260 polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE or Teflon 00:13:39.64000:13:39.650 heat-resistant low friction coatings 00:13:41.84000:13:41.850 used in things like nonstick surfaces 00:13:44.21000:13:44.220 for frying pans plumbers tape and water 00:13:46.55000:13:46.560 slides phenolic Saur phenol formaldehyde 00:13:49.46000:13:49.470 PF high modulus relatively 00:13:52.04000:13:52.050 heat-resistant and excellent fire 00:13:53.87000:13:53.880 resistant polymer used for insulating 00:13:56.60000:13:56.610 parts in electrical fixtures paper 00:13:58.88000:13:58.890 laminated products eg Formica thermally 00:14:02.54000:14:02.550 installation foams it is a thermosetting 00:14:05.06000:14:05.070 plastic with the familiar trade name 00:14:07.07000:14:07.080 bakelite that can be moulded by heat and 00:14:09.11000:14:09.120 pressure when mixed with a filler like 00:14:10.94000:14:10.950 wood flour or can be cast in its 00:14:12.86000:14:12.870 unfilled liquid form or cast as foam eg 00:14:15.97000:14:15.980 Oasis problems include the probability 00:14:18.86000:14:18.870 of mouldings naturally being dark colors 00:14:21.02000:14:21.030 red green brown and as thermo say it is 00:14:23.48000:14:23.490 difficult to recycle melamine 00:14:26.12000:14:26.130 formaldehyde MF one of the amino blasts 00:14:29.03000:14:29.040 used as a multi colorable alternative to 00:14:31.19000:14:31.200 phenolic s' for instance in mouldings eg 00:14:33.59000:14:33.600 break resistance alternatives to ceramic 00:14:35.78000:14:35.790 cups plates and bowls for children and 00:14:37.94000:14:37.950 the decorated top surface layer of the 00:14:39.74000:14:39.750 paper laminates eg Formica urea 00:14:44.09000:14:44.100 formaldehyde UF one of the amino clasts 00:14:47.00000:14:47.01000:14:49.22000:14:49.230 phenolic s' used as a wood adhesive for 00:14:51.44000:14:51.450 plywood chipboard hard board and 00:14:53.33000:14:53.340 electrical switch housings polyether 00:14:56.51000:14:56.520 ether ketone peak strong chemical and 00:14:58.85000:14:58.860 heat resistant thermoplastic 00:15:00.31000:15:00.320 biocompatibility allows for use in 00:15:02.60000:15:02.610 medical implant applications aerospace 00:15:04.91000:15:04.920 mouldings 00:15:06.08000:15:06.090 one of the most expensive commercial 00:15:08.27000:15:08.280 polymers Mele might be smelly mind used 00:15:12.02000:15:12.030 in high-temperature composite materials 00:15:14.47000:15:14.480 poly Efrem I'd pay Ultem a 00:15:17.00000:15:17.010 high-temperature chemically stable 00:15:18.74000:15:18.750 polymer that does not crystallize 00:15:21.19000:15:21.200 polyamide a high-temperature plastic 00:15:23.69000:15:23.700 used in materials such as captain tape 00:15:26.14000:15:26.150 plastic material biodegradable and 00:15:29.06000:15:29.070 heat-resistant thermoplastic composed of 00:15:31.31000:15:31.320 modified corn starch pala lactic acid 00:15:34.58000:15:34.590 PLA a biodegradable thermoplastic found 00:15:37.58000:15:37.590 converted into a variety of aliphatic 00:15:39.74000:15:39.750 polyester z' derived from lactic acid 00:15:41.87000:15:41.880 which in turn can be made by 00:15:43.31000:15:43.320 fermentation of various agricultural 00:15:45.41000:15:45.420 products such as corn starch once made 00:15:47.60000:15:47.610 from dairy products furin resin based on 00:15:51.17000:15:51.180 fur fuel alcohol used in foundry sands 00:15:53.78000:15:53.790 and biologically derived composites 00:15:56.29000:15:56.300 silicone heat-resistant resin used 00:15:58.91000:15:58.920 mainly as a sealant but also used for 00:16:01.10000:16:01.110 high-temperature cooking utensils and as 00:16:03.14000:16:03.150 a base resin for industrial paints poly 00:16:06.53000:16:06.540 cell phone high temperature melt 00:16:08.33000:16:08.340 processable resin used in membranes 00:16:10.40000:16:10.410 filtration media water heater dip tubes 00:16:13.07000:16:13.080 and other high-temperature applications 00:16:19.23000:16:19.240 topic history the development of 00:16:25.42000:16:25.430 plastics has evolved from the use of 00:16:27.25000:16:27.260 natural plastic materials eg chewing gum 00:16:29.89000:16:29.900 shellac to the use of chemically 00:16:31.63000:16:31.640 modified natural materials eg natural 00:16:34.54000:16:34.550 rubber 00:16:34.90000:16:34.910 nitrocellulose collagen gala light and 00:16:37.36000:16:37.370 finally two completely synthetic 00:16:38.77000:16:38.780 molecules eg bakelite epoxy polyvinyl 00:16:42.07000:16:42.080 chloride early plastics were bio derived 00:16:45.04000:16:45.050 materials such as egg and blood proteins 00:16:47.17000:16:47.180 which are organic polymers in around 00:16:49.90000:16:49.910 1600 BC Mesoamericans used natural 00:16:52.81000:16:52.820 rubber for balls bands and figurines 00:16:55.53000:16:55.540 treated cattle horns were used as 00:16:57.79000:16:57.800 windows for lanterns in the Middle Ages 00:17:00.24000:17:00.250 materials that mimic the properties of 00:17:02.35000:17:02.360 horns were developed by treating milk 00:17:04.24000:17:04.250 proteins casein with lye in the 19th 00:17:07.69000:17:07.700 century as industrial chemistry 00:17:09.61000:17:09.620 developed during the Industrial 00:17:11.08000:17:11.090 Revolution many materials were reported 00:17:13.36000:17:13.370 the development of plastics also 00:17:15.61000:17:15.620 accelerated with Charles Goodyear's 00:17:17.44000:17:17.450 discovery of vulcanization - thermo zey 00:17:19.69000:17:19.700 materials derived from natural rubber 00:17:22.02000:17:22.030 Park scene nitrocellulose is considered 00:17:25.21000:17:25.220 the first man-made plastic the plastic 00:17:27.58000:17:27.590 material was patented by Alexander parks 00:17:30.04000:17:30.050 in Birmingham England in 1856 it was 00:17:33.67000:17:33.680 unveiled at the 1862 great international 00:17:36.19000:17:36.200 exhibition in London Park scene won a 00:17:39.04000:17:39.050 bronze medal at the 1862 World's Fair in 00:17:41.80000:17:41.810 London Park scene was made from 00:17:44.11000:17:44.120 cellulose the major component of plant 00:17:46.21000:17:46.220 cell walls treated with nitric acid as a 00:17:48.34000:17:48.350 solvent the output of the process 00:17:50.56000:17:50.570 commonly known as cellulose nitrate or 00:17:52.90000:17:52.910 pie rocks alone could be dissolved in 00:17:54.55000:17:54.560 alcohol and hardened into a transparent 00:17:56.65000:17:56.660 and elastic material that could be 00:17:58.24000:17:58.250 molded when heated by incorporating 00:18:00.43000:18:00.440 pigments into the product it could be 00:18:02.50000:18:02.510 made to resemble ivory in 1897 the 00:18:06.25000:18:06.260 Hannover Germany mass printing press 00:18:08.23000:18:08.240 owner Wilhelm Krisha was commissioned to 00:18:10.18000:18:10.190 develop an alternative to black boards 00:18:12.04000:18:12.050 the resultant horn-like plastic made 00:18:14.65000:18:14.660 from the milk protein casein was 00:18:16.39000:18:16.400 developed in cooperation with the 00:18:18.04000:18:18.050 austrian chemist friedrich adolf Spitler 00:18:20.46000:18:20.470 1846 to 1940 the final result was 00:18:24.25000:18:24.260 unsuitable for the original purpose in 00:18:26.65000:18:26.660 1893 French chemist Auguste trilha 00:18:29.41000:18:29.420 discovered the means to in 00:18:30.81000:18:30.820 utilize casein by immersion in 00:18:32.61000:18:32.620 formaldehyde producing material marketed 00:18:35.03900:18:35.049 as Galef in the early 1900's bakelite 00:18:37.76900:18:37.779 the first fully synthetic thermo zey was 00:18:40.04900:18:40.059 reported by Belgian chemist leo 00:18:41.70000:18:41.710 baekeland by using phenol and 00:18:43.23000:18:43.240 formaldehyde 00:18:44.50900:18:44.519 after World War one improvements in 00:18:47.15900:18:47.169 chemical technology led to an explosion 00:18:49.40900:18:49.419 in new forms of plastics with mass 00:18:51.21000:18:51.220 production beginning in the 1940s and 00:18:53.49000:18:53.500 1950s around world war ii among the 00:18:56.85000:18:56.860 earliest examples in the wave of new 00:18:58.68000:18:58.690 polymers were polystyrene PS first 00:19:01.11000:19:01.120 produced by BASF in the 1930s and 00:19:03.72000:19:03.730 polyvinyl chloride PVC first created in 00:19:06.74900:19:06.759 1872 but commercially produced in the 00:19:09.26900:19:09.279 late 1920s in 1923 do-right plastics Inc 00:19:13.79900:19:13.809 was the first manufacturer of phenol 00:19:15.74900:19:15.759 furfural resins in 1933 polyethylene was 00:19:19.95000:19:19.960 discovered by Imperial chemical 00:19:21.60000:19:21.610 industries IC AI researchers Reginald 00:19:23.99900:19:24.009 Gibson and Eric Fossett in 1954 00:19:26.51900:19:26.529 polypropylene was discovered by Giulio 00:19:28.71000:19:28.720 natter and began to be manufactured in 00:19:30.98000:19:30.990 1957 in 1954 expanded polystyrene used 00:19:35.15900:19:35.169 for building insulation packaging and 00:19:37.16900:19:37.179 cups was invented by Dow Chemical 00:19:39.14900:19:39.159 polyethylene terephthalate pet s 00:19:41.00900:19:41.019 discovery is credited to employees of 00:19:42.89900:19:42.909 the calico printers association in the 00:19:45.09000:19:45.100 UK in 1941 it was licensed to DuPont for 00:19:48.36000:19:48.370 the US and I see I otherwise and as one 00:19:50.54900:19:50.559 of the few plastics appropriate as a 00:19:52.25900:19:52.269 replacement for glass in many 00:19:53.78900:19:53.799 circumstances resulting in widespread 00:19:55.61900:19:55.629 use for bottles in Europe 00:20:01.97000:20:01.980 topic plastics industry plastics 00:20:08.58000:20:08.590 manufacturing is a major part of the 00:20:10.56000:20:10.570 chemical industry and some of the 00:20:12.18000:20:12.190 world's largest chemical companies have 00:20:14.10000:20:14.110 been involved since the earliest days 00:20:15.60000:20:15.610 such as the industry leaders BASF and 00:20:18.29900:20:18.309 Dow Chemical in 2014 00:20:21.26900:20:21.279 sales of the top 50 companies amounted 00:20:23.49000:20:23.500 to 961 billion three hundred million 00:20:26.24900:20:26.259 dollars the firm's came from some 00:20:28.59000:20:28.600 eighteen countries in total with more 00:20:30.41900:20:30.429 than half of the companies on the list 00:20:31.79900:20:31.809 being headquartered in the US many of 00:20:34.76900:20:34.779 the top 50 plastics companies were 00:20:36.72000:20:36.730 concentrated in just three countries 00:20:39.23000:20:39.240 United States 12 Japan 8 Germany 6 BASF 00:20:44.99900:20:45.009 was the world's largest chemical 00:20:46.37900:20:46.389 producer for the ninth year in a row 00:20:48.33000:20:48.340 trade associations which represent the 00:20:50.54900:20:50.559 industry in the u.s. include the 00:20:52.16900:20:52.179 American Chemistry Council 00:20:58.20000:20:58.210 topic industry standards many of the 00:21:04.84000:21:04.850 properties of plastics are determined by 00:21:06.79000:21:06.800 standards specified by ISO such as ISO 00:21:10.71000:21:10.720 306 thermoplastics many of the 00:21:13.06000:21:13.07000:21:15.01000:21:15.020 the owl standards tests specified by 00:21:17.08000:21:17.090 Underwriters Laboratories all such as 00:21:19.77000:21:19.780 flammability UL 94 high-voltage are 00:21:24.28000:21:24.290 tracking rate UL 746 a comparative 00:21:28.30000:21:28.310 tracking index 00:21:33.24000:21:33.250 topic additives blended into most 00:21:39.88000:21:39.890 plastics are additional organic or 00:21:41.86000:21:41.870 inorganic compounds the average content 00:21:44.47000:21:44.480 of additives is a few percent many of 00:21:46.75000:21:46.760 the controversies associated with 00:21:48.51900:21:48.529 plastics actually relate to the 00:21:50.16900:21:50.179 additives organotin compounds are 00:21:52.02900:21:52.039 particularly toxic typical additives 00:21:54.85000:21:54.860 include 00:21:59.00900:21:59.019 topic stabilizers polymer stabilizers 00:22:05.86000:22:05.870 prolong the lifetime of the polymer by 00:22:07.69000:22:07.700 suppressing degradation that results 00:22:09.58000:22:09.590 from UV light oxidation and other 00:22:11.61900:22:11.629 phenomena typical stabilizers thus 00:22:14.28900:22:14.299 absorb UV light or function as 00:22:16.11900:22:16.129 antioxidants 00:22:21.22000:22:21.230 topic fillers 00:22:25.85000:22:25.860 many plastics contain fillers to improve 00:22:28.92000:22:28.930 performance or reduce production costs 00:22:31.43000:22:31.440 typically Phil is a mineral in origin eg 00:22:34.41000:22:34.420 chalk other fillers include starch 00:22:36.66000:22:36.670 cellulose wood flour ivory dust and zinc 00:22:39.63000:22:39.640 oxide most fillers are relatively inert 00:22:42.84000:22:42.850 and inexpensive materials make the 00:22:44.85000:22:44.860 product cheaper by weight stabilizing 00:22:48.00000:22:48.010 additives include fire retardants to 00:22:49.89000:22:49.900 lower the flammability of the material 00:22:52.16000:22:52.170 some fillers are more chemically active 00:22:54.72000:22:54.730 in are called reinforcing agents 00:23:01.13000:23:01.140 topic plasticizers plasticizers up by 00:23:08.03900:23:08.049 mass often the most abundant additives 00:23:09.99000:23:10.000 these oily but non volatile compounds 00:23:12.57000:23:12.580 are blended into plastics to improve 00:23:14.27900:23:14.289 rheology as many organic polymers are 00:23:16.56000:23:16.570 otherwise too rigid for particular 00:23:18.06000:23:18.070 applications 00:23:23.65900:23:23.669 topic colorants colorants are another 00:23:30.06000:23:30.070 common additive though their weight 00:23:31.59000:23:31.600 contribution is small 00:23:37.72000:23:37.730 topic toxicity fuel plastics have low 00:23:44.84000:23:44.850 toxicity due to their in solubility in 00:23:47.03000:23:47.040 water and because they are biochemically 00:23:48.86000:23:48.870 inert due to a large molecular weight 00:23:51.25000:23:51.260 plastic products contain a variety of 00:23:53.78000:23:53.790 additives some of which can be toxic for 00:23:56.53000:23:56.540 example plasticizers like adipate 00:23:59.21000:23:59.220 synthol aids are often added to brittle 00:24:01.13000:24:01.140 plastics like polyvinyl chloride to make 00:24:03.47000:24:03.480 them pliable enough for use in food 00:24:05.27000:24:05.280 packaging toys and many other items 00:24:07.93000:24:07.940 traces of these compounds can leach out 00:24:10.40000:24:10.410 of the product 00:24:11.21000:24:11.220 owing to concerns over the effects of 00:24:13.31000:24:13.320 such leachates the European Union has 00:24:15.62000:24:15.630 restricted the use of de HP dye to 00:24:17.96000:24:17.970 ethylic soil filleted and other 00:24:19.70000:24:19.710 phthalates in some applications and the 00:24:21.68000:24:21.690 United States has limited the use of de 00:24:23.96000:24:23.970 H P DP B BB p di n p di DP and DN o P in 00:24:29.24000:24:29.250 children's toys and child care articles 00:24:31.52000:24:31.530 with the Consumer Product Safety 00:24:32.93000:24:32.940 Improvement Act some compounds leaching 00:24:36.14000:24:36.150 from polystyrene food containers have 00:24:38.21000:24:38.220 been proposed to interfere with hormone 00:24:40.10000:24:40.110 functions and a suspected human 00:24:41.90000:24:41.910 carcinogens other chemicals of potential 00:24:45.02000:24:45.030 concern include alcohol phenols whereas 00:24:47.21000:24:47.220 the finished plastic may be non-toxic 00:24:49.10000:24:49.110 the monomers used in the manufacture of 00:24:51.26000:24:51.270 the parent polymers may be toxic in some 00:24:54.47000:24:54.480 cases small amounts of those chemicals 00:24:56.69000:24:56.700 can remain trapped in the product unless 00:24:58.61000:24:58.620 suitable processing is employed for 00:25:00.91000:25:00.920 example the World Health Organization's 00:25:03.71000:25:03.720 International Agency for research on 00:25:05.81000:25:05.820 cancer IASE has recognized vinyl 00:25:08.57000:25:08.580 chloride the precursor to PVC as a human 00:25:11.48000:25:11.490 carcinogen 00:25:16.69000:25:16.700 topic bisphenol A BPA some polymers may 00:25:24.04900:25:24.059 also decompose into the monomers or 00:25:25.99900:25:26.009 other toxic substances when heated in 00:25:28.59900:25:28.609 2011 it was reported that almost all 00:25:31.75900:25:31.769 plastic products sampled released 00:25:34.24900:25:34.259 chemicals with estrogenic activity 00:25:35.74900:25:35.759 although the researchers identified 00:25:37.96900:25:37.979 plastics which did not leach chemicals 00:25:39.70900:25:39.719 with estrogenic activity the primary 00:25:42.07900:25:42.089 building block of polycarbonate 00:25:43.63900:25:43.649 bisphenol A BPA is an estrogen like 00:25:46.36900:25:46.379 endocrine disruptor that may leach into 00:25:48.56000:25:48.570 food research in Environmental Health 00:25:51.20000:25:51.210 Perspectives finds that BPA leached from 00:25:53.65900:25:53.669 the lining of tin cans dental sealants 00:25:55.94000:25:55.950 and polycarbonate bottles can increase 00:25:57.88900:25:57.899 body weight of lab animals offspring the 00:26:00.61900:26:00.629 more recent animal studies suggests that 00:26:02.83900:26:02.849 even low level exposure to BPA results 00:26:05.32900:26:05.339 in insulin resistance which can lead to 00:26:07.39900:26:07.409 inflammation and heart disease as of 00:26:09.34900:26:09.359 January 2010 the LA Times newspaper 00:26:11.77900:26:11.789 reports that the United States FDA is 00:26:14.47900:26:14.489 spending 30 million dollars to 00:26:16.15900:26:16.169 investigate indications of BPA being 00:26:18.44000:26:18.450 linked to cancer this to ethylic soil 00:26:20.57000:26:20.580 adipate present in plastic wrap based on 00:26:23.08900:26:23.099 PVC is also of concern as of the 00:26:25.54900:26:25.559 volatile organic compounds present in 00:26:27.64900:26:27.659 new car smell the European Union has a 00:26:30.97900:26:30.989 permanent ban on the use of plates in 00:26:32.98900:26:32.999 toys in 2009 the United States 00:26:36.64900:26:36.659 government banned certain types of the 00:26:38.53900:26:38.549 lates commonly used in plastic 00:26:45.04000:26:45.050 topic environmental effects most 00:26:51.83000:26:51.840 plastics are durable and degrade very 00:26:53.54000:26:53.550 slowly as their chemical structure 00:26:55.58000:26:55.590 renders them resistant to many natural 00:26:57.68000:26:57.690 processes of degradation there are 00:27:00.17000:27:00.180 differing estimates of how much plastic 00:27:02.24000:27:02.250 waste has been produced in the last 00:27:03.95000:27:03.960 century by one estimate 1 billion tonnes 00:27:07.31000:27:07.320 of plastic waste have been discarded 00:27:09.08000:27:09.090 since the 1950s others estimated 00:27:12.44000:27:12.450 cumulative human production of 8 points 00:27:14.36000:27:14.370 3 billion tonnes of plastic of which 6.3 00:27:17.36000:27:17.370 billion tons is waste with a recycling 00:27:19.52000:27:19.530 rate of only 9% much of this material 00:27:22.43000:27:22.440 may persist for centuries or longer 00:27:24.74000:27:24.750 given the demonstrated persistence of 00:27:26.69000:27:26.700 structurally similar natural materials 00:27:28.79000:27:28.800 such as amber the presence of plastics 00:27:31.85000:27:31.860 particularly micro plastics within the 00:27:34.04000:27:34.050 food chain is increasing in the 1960s 00:27:37.52000:27:37.530 micro plastics were observed in the guts 00:27:39.62000:27:39.630 of seabirds and since then have been 00:27:41.51000:27:41.520 found in increasing concentrations the 00:27:44.42000:27:44.430 long-term effects of plastic in the food 00:27:46.43000:27:46.440 chain are poorly understood in 2009 it 00:27:50.09000:27:50.100 was estimated that 10% of modern waste 00:27:52.34000:27:52.350 was plastic although estimates vary 00:27:54.41000:27:54.420 according to region meanwhile 50 to 80 00:27:57.74000:27:57.750 percent of debris in marine areas is 00:27:59.87000:27:59.880 plastic prior to the Montreal Protocol 00:28:02.15000:28:02.160 CFCs were commonly used in the 00:28:04.25000:28:04.260 manufacture of polystyrene and as such 00:28:06.38000:28:06.390 the production of polystyrene 00:28:07.69000:28:07.700 contributed to the depletion of the 00:28:09.62000:28:09.630 ozone layer topic climate 00:28:16.89900:28:16.909 change the effect of plastics on global 00:28:22.53900:28:22.549 warming is mixed plastics are generally 00:28:24.99900:28:25.009 made from petroleum if the plastic is 00:28:27.24900:28:27.259 incinerated it increases carbon 00:28:29.25900:28:29.269 emissions if it is placed in a landfill 00:28:31.23900:28:31.249 it becomes a carbon sink although 00:28:33.09900:28:33.109 biodegradable plastics have caused 00:28:34.98900:28:34.999 methane emissions due to the lightness 00:28:38.16900:28:38.179 of plastic versus glass or metal plastic 00:28:40.59900:28:40.609 may reduce energy consumption for 00:28:43.26900:28:43.279 example packaging beverages in PET 00:28:45.43000:28:45.440 plastic rather than glass or metal is 00:28:47.46900:28:47.479 estimated to save 52% in transportation 00:28:50.40900:28:50.419 energy 00:28:55.44000:28:55.450 topic production of plastics production 00:29:02.26000:29:02.270 of plastics from crude oil requires 62 00:29:04.93000:29:04.940 to 108 mega joules per kilogram taking 00:29:07.90000:29:07.910 into account the average efficiency of 00:29:09.85000:29:09.860 us utility stations of 35% producing 00:29:13.87000:29:13.880 silicon and semiconductors for modern 00:29:15.88000:29:15.890 electronic equipment is even more energy 00:29:18.01000:29:18.020 consuming 232 235 mega joules per 00:29:21.94000:29:21.950 kilogram of silicon and about 3000 mega 00:29:24.64000:29:24.650 joules per kilogram of semiconductors 00:29:26.70000:29:26.710 this is much higher than the energy 00:29:29.08000:29:29.090 needed to produce many other materials 00:29:30.66900:29:30.679 eg iron from iron ore requires 20 to 25 00:29:34.41900:29:34.429 mega joules per kilogram of energy glass 00:29:36.66900:29:36.679 from sand etc 18 to 35 mega joules per 00:29:39.91000:29:39.920 kilogram steel from iron 20 to 50 mega 00:29:42.88000:29:42.890 joules per kilogram 00:29:44.08000:29:44.090 paper from timber 25 to 50 mega joules 00:29:47.02000:29:47.030 per kilogram 00:29:52.38000:29:52.390 topic incineration of plastics 00:29:58.38000:29:58.390 controlled high-temperature incineration 00:30:00.79000:30:00.800 above 850 degrees Celsius for two 00:30:03.64000:30:03.650 seconds performed with selective 00:30:05.35000:30:05.360 additional heating breaks down toxic 00:30:07.39000:30:07.400 dioxins and furans from burning plastic 00:30:09.64000:30:09.650 and is widely used in municipal solid 00:30:11.74000:30:11.750 waste incineration municipal solid waste 00:30:14.88000:30:14.890 incinerators also normally include flue 00:30:17.35000:30:17.360 gas treatments to reduce pollutants 00:30:19.18000:30:19.190 further this is needed because 00:30:21.19000:30:21.200 uncontrolled incineration of plastic 00:30:23.38000:30:23.390 produces polychlorinated die benzo P 00:30:25.75000:30:25.760 dioxins a carcinogen cancer-causing 00:30:28.09000:30:28.100 chemical the problem occurs because the 00:30:30.94000:30:30.950 heat content of the waste stream varies 00:30:33.39000:30:33.400 open-air burning of plastic occurs at 00:30:35.89000:30:35.900 lower temperatures and normally releases 00:30:37.96000:30:37.970 such toxic fumes 00:30:43.80000:30:43.810 topic pyrolytic disposal plastics can be 00:30:50.50000:30:50.510 pyrolized into hydrocarbon fuels since 00:30:53.02000:30:53.030 plastics include hydrogen and carbon one 00:30:55.99000:30:56.000 kilogram of waste plastic produces 00:30:58.03000:30:58.040 roughly a liter of hydrocarbon 00:31:03.93000:31:03.940 topic decomposition of plastics plastics 00:31:10.84000:31:10.850 contribute to approximately 10% of 00:31:12.97000:31:12.980 discarded waste depending on their 00:31:15.10000:31:15.110 chemical composition plastics and resins 00:31:17.38000:31:17.390 have varying properties related to 00:31:19.03000:31:19.040 contaminant absorption and it's option 00:31:21.09000:31:21.100 polymer degradation takes much longer as 00:31:23.83000:31:23.840 a result of saline environments in the 00:31:25.75000:31:25.760 cooling effect of the sea these factors 00:31:28.42000:31:28.430 contribute to the persistence of plastic 00:31:30.40000:31:30.410 debris in certain environments recent 00:31:33.22000:31:33.230 studies have shown that plastics in the 00:31:34.93000:31:34.940 ocean decompose faster than was once 00:31:37.00000:31:37.010 thought due to exposure to Sun rain and 00:31:39.37000:31:39.380 other environmental conditions resulting 00:31:41.62000:31:41.630 in the release of toxic chemicals such 00:31:43.45000:31:43.460 as bisphenol A however due to the 00:31:46.03000:31:46.040 increased volume of plastics in the 00:31:47.71000:31:47.720 ocean decomposition has slowed down the 00:31:50.80000:31:50.810 marine Conservancy has predicted the 00:31:52.72000:31:52.730 decomposition rates of several plastic 00:31:54.55000:31:54.560 products it is estimated that a foam 00:31:57.40000:31:57.410 plastic cup will take 50 years a plastic 00:32:00.04000:32:00.050 beverage holder will take 400 years a 00:32:02.32000:32:02.330 disposable nappy will take 450 years and 00:32:05.35000:32:05.360 fishing line will take 600 years to 00:32:07.45000:32:07.460 degrade in 2018 a survey by the global 00:32:10.39000:32:10.400 oceanic environmental survey Ghost 00:32:12.49000:32:12.500 Foundation found that the ecosystem in 00:32:14.65000:32:14.660 seas and oceans may collapse in the next 00:32:16.66000:32:16.670 25 years potentially causing failure of 00:32:19.15000:32:19.160 terrestrial ecosystem and very possibly 00:32:21.37000:32:21.380 the end of life on Earth as we know it 00:32:23.77000:32:23.780 the main agents of this prediction were 00:32:26.65000:32:26.660 hypothesized to be plastic ocean 00:32:28.72000:32:28.730 acidification and ocean pollution in 00:32:31.51000:32:31.520 order to prevent such a catastrophe 00:32:33.03000:32:33.040 experts have proposed a total single-use 00:32:35.71000:32:35.720 plastic band wood-burning bands while 00:32:37.63000:32:37.640 planting as many trees as possible 00:32:40.35000:32:40.360 pollution free recycling of electronics 00:32:43.27000:32:43.280 and by 2030 all industries to be zero 00:32:46.06000:32:46.070 toxic discharged one British scientist 00:32:49.60000:32:49.610 advocates special protection and per 00:32:52.12000:32:52.130 servation of peat bogs wetlands 00:32:54.25000:32:54.260 marshland and mangrove swamps to ensure 00:32:56.74000:32:56.750 carbon dioxide is absorbed from the 00:32:58.87000:32:58.880 atmosphere microbial species capable of 00:33:03.19000:33:03.200 degrading plastics are known to science 00:33:05.11000:33:05.120 and some are potentially useful for the 00:33:06.94000:33:06.950 disposal of certain classes of plastic 00:33:09.07000:33:09.080 waste in 1975 a team of Japanese 00:33:12.85000:33:12.860 scientists studying ponds containing 00:33:14.77000:33:14.780 wastewater from a nylon 00:33:16.24000:33:16.250 Factory discovered a strain of flavo 00:33:18.13000:33:18.140 bacterium that digested certain 00:33:19.96000:33:19.970 byproducts of nylon six manufacture such 00:33:22.60000:33:22.610 as the linear dimer of six amino hexa no 00:33:24.70000:33:24.710 eight nylon 4 or poly beautyrx electrum 00:33:27.70000:33:27.710 can be degraded by the MD 10 and n D 11 00:33:30.13000:33:30.140 strands of Pseudomonas SP found in 00:33:32.59000:33:32.600 sludge this produced gamma amino butyric 00:33:35.20000:33:35.210 acid GABA as a by-product several 00:33:38.89000:33:38.900 species of soil fungi can consume 00:33:40.90000:33:40.910 polyurethane this includes two species 00:33:43.54000:33:43.550 of the ecuadorian fungus pest a loti 00:33:45.76000:33:45.770 OPS's that can consume polyurethane 00:33:47.74000:33:47.750 aerobically and also in anaerobic 00:33:49.54000:33:49.550 conditions such as those at the bottom 00:33:51.31000:33:51.320 of landfills methanogenic consortio 00:33:54.61000:33:54.620 degrade styrene using it as a carbon 00:33:56.77000:33:56.780 source 00:33:57.19000:33:57.200 Pseudomonas putida can convert styrene 00:33:59.83000:33:59.840 oil into various biodegradable poly 00:34:01.87000:34:01.880 hydroxyl connotes microbial communities 00:34:05.29000:34:05.300 isolated from soil samples mixed with 00:34:07.42000:34:07.430 starch have been shown to be capable of 00:34:09.28000:34:09.290 degrading polypropylene the fungus 00:34:12.19000:34:12.200 Aspergillus fumigatus effectively 00:34:14.11000:34:14.120 degrades plasticized PVC fannie Roach 00:34:17.05000:34:17.060 eat krisis Boreum has been grown on PVC 00:34:19.36000:34:19.370 in a mineral salt agar Fannie Roach eat 00:34:22.41900:34:22.429 krisis Boreum Lin Tina's tigress 00:34:24.49000:34:24.500 Aspergillus Niger an Aspergillus side oh 00:34:26.77000:34:26.780 ayyyy can also effectively degrade PVC 00:34:29.34000:34:29.350 Fanny Roach eat Chris s Boreum was grown 00:34:32.11000:34:32.120 on PVC in a mineral salt agar a chinito 00:34:35.91900:34:35.929 bacter has been found to partially 00:34:37.57000:34:37.580 degrade low molecular weight 00:34:38.91900:34:38.929 polyethylene oligomers when used in 00:34:41.59000:34:41.600 combination Pseudomonas fluorescens and 00:34:43.86900:34:43.879 sphingo Mona's can degrade over 40% of 00:34:46.21000:34:46.220 the weight of plastic bags in less than 00:34:48.04000:34:48.050 three months the thermophilic bacterium 00:34:50.86000:34:50.870 brevis illest boss still insists strains 00:34:53.10000:34:53.110 707 was isolated from a soil sample and 00:34:56.16900:34:56.179 found capable of using low-density 00:34:57.79000:34:57.800 polyethylene as a sole carbon source 00:34:59.98000:34:59.990 when incubated at 50 degrees Celsius 00:35:02.79000:35:02.800 pre-exposure of the plastic to 00:35:04.84000:35:04.850 ultraviolet radiation broke chemical 00:35:07.09000:35:07.100 bonds and aided bio degradation the 00:35:09.04000:35:09.050 longer the period of UV exposure the 00:35:11.26000:35:11.270 greater the promotion of the degradation 00:35:13.50000:35:13.510 less desirably hazardous molds have been 00:35:16.78000:35:16.790 found aboard Space Station's molds that 00:35:18.94000:35:18.950 degrade rubber into a digestible form 00:35:21.99000:35:22.000 several species of yeasts bacteria algae 00:35:24.78000:35:24.790 and lichens have been found growing on 00:35:26.82000:35:26.830 synthetic polymer artifacts in museums 00:35:29.16000:35:29.170 and at archaeological sites in the 00:35:32.04000:35:32.050 plastic polluted waters of the Sargasso 00:35:34.14000:35:34.150 Sea bacteria have been found that 00:35:36.15000:35:36.160 consume various types of plastic however 00:35:38.55000:35:38.560 it is unknown to what extent these 00:35:40.29000:35:40.300 bacteria effectively clean up poisons 00:35:42.54000:35:42.550 rather than simply releasing them into 00:35:44.33900:35:44.349 the marine microbial ecosystem plastic 00:35:47.88000:35:47.890 eating microbes also have been found in 00:35:50.01000:35:50.020 landfills nocardia can degrade paired 00:35:53.40000:35:53.410 with an ester as enzyme the fungus geo 00:35:56.64000:35:56.650 tritium candidum found in belize has 00:35:58.92000:35:58.930 been found to consume the polycarbonate 00:36:00.69000:36:00.700 plastic found in cds phenol formaldehyde 00:36:04.46000:36:04.470 commonly known as bakelite is degraded 00:36:07.14000:36:07.150 by the white rot fungus fannie roachie 00:36:09.03000:36:09.040 crisis Boreum the futuro house was made 00:36:12.35900:36:12.369 of fiberglass reinforced polyesters 00:36:14.46000:36:14.470 polyester polyurethane and poly methyl 00:36:17.04000:36:17.05000:36:17.94000:36:17.950 one such house was found to be harmfully 00:36:20.33900:36:20.349 degraded by cyanobacteria and archaea 00:36:27.20000:36:27.210 topic recycling 00:36:32.65900:36:32.669 thermoplastics can be remelted and 00:36:34.62000:36:34.630 reused and thermoplastics can be ground 00:36:37.28900:36:37.299 up and used as fill up although the 00:36:38.88000:36:38.890 purity of the material tends to degrade 00:36:40.70900:36:40.719 with each reused cycle there are methods 00:36:43.67900:36:43.689 by which plastics can be broken down to 00:36:45.65900:36:45.669 a feedstock state the greatest challenge 00:36:48.98900:36:48.999 to the recycling of plastics is the 00:36:50.88000:36:50.890 difficulty of automating the sorting of 00:36:52.70900:36:52.719 plastic wastes making it labor-intensive 00:36:55.51900:36:55.529 typically workers sort the plastic by 00:36:58.07900:36:58.089 looking at the resin identification code 00:36:59.93900:36:59.949 although common containers like soda 00:37:02.06900:37:02.079 bottles can be sorted from memory 00:37:04.06900:37:04.079 typically the caps for peat bottles are 00:37:06.74900:37:06.759 made from a different kind of plastic 00:37:08.60900:37:08.619 which is not recyclable which presents 00:37:10.46900:37:10.479 additional problems for the sorting 00:37:12.35900:37:12.369 process other recyclable materials such 00:37:15.50900:37:15.519 as metals are easier to process 00:37:16.91900:37:16.929 mechanically however new processes of 00:37:19.85900:37:19.869 mechanical sorting of being developed to 00:37:21.74900:37:21.759 increase the capacity and efficiency of 00:37:23.72900:37:23.739 plastic recycling while containers are 00:37:26.99900:37:27.009 usually made from a single type and 00:37:28.91900:37:28.929 color of plastic making them relatively 00:37:30.92900:37:30.939 easy to sort a consumer product like a 00:37:33.12000:37:33.130 cellular phone may have many small parts 00:37:35.39900:37:35.409 consisting of over a dozen different 00:37:36.98900:37:36.999 types and colors of plastics in such 00:37:40.10900:37:40.119 cases the resources it would take to 00:37:42.17900:37:42.189 separate the plastics far exceed their 00:37:44.09900:37:44.109 value in the item is discarded however 00:37:47.15900:37:47.169 developments are taking place in the 00:37:49.07900:37:49.089 field of active disassembly which may 00:37:51.05900:37:51.069 result in more product components being 00:37:53.18900:37:53.199 reused or recycled recycling certain 00:37:56.42900:37:56.439 types of plastics can be unprofitable as 00:37:58.49900:37:58.509 well for example polystyrene is rarely 00:38:01.22900:38:01.239 recycled because the process is usually 00:38:03.23900:38:03.249 not cost-effective 00:38:04.67900:38:04.689 these unrecycled wastes are typically 00:38:07.10900:38:07.119 disposed of in landfills incinerated or 00:38:09.63000:38:09.640 used to produce electricity at 00:38:11.30900:38:11.319 waste-to-energy plants and early success 00:38:14.72900:38:14.739 in the recycling of plastics is final 00:38:16.89000:38:16.900 loop an industrial process to separate 00:38:19.01900:38:19.029 PVC from other materials through 00:38:21.17900:38:21.189 dissolution filtration and separation of 00:38:23.51900:38:23.529 contaminants a solvent is used in a 00:38:26.37000:38:26.380 closed loop to elute PVC from the waste 00:38:28.75900:38:28.769 this makes it possible to recycle 00:38:31.40900:38:31.419 composite PVC waste which is normally 00:38:33.83900:38:33.849 incinerated or put in a landfill final 00:38:36.80900:38:36.819 loop based recycled PVCs primary energy 00:38:39.26900:38:39.279 demand is 46 percent lower than 00:38:41.60900:38:41.619 conventionally produced PVC 00:38:44.34000:38:44.350 the global warming potential is 39% 00:38:46.62000:38:46.630 lower this is why the use of recycled 00:38:49.05000:38:49.060 material leads to a significantly better 00:38:51.45000:38:51.460 ecological outcome this process was used 00:38:54.63000:38:54.640 after the Olympic Games in London 2012 00:38:57.50000:38:57.510 arts a temporary buildings like the 00:38:59.97000:38:59.980 water polo arena and the Royal Artillery 00:39:01.83000:39:01.840 Barracks were recycled in this way the 00:39:05.16000:39:05.170 PVC policy could be fulfilled which says 00:39:07.98000:39:07.990 that no PVC waste should be left after 00:39:10.50000:39:10.510 the games had ended in 1988 to assist 00:39:13.32000:39:13.330 recycling of disposable items the 00:39:15.39000:39:15.400 plastic bottle Institute of the u.s. 00:39:17.40000:39:17.410 Society of the plastics industry devised 00:39:19.71000:39:19.720 a now-familiar scheme to mark plastic 00:39:21.81000:39:21.820 bottles by plastic type under this 00:39:24.42000:39:24.430 scheme a plastic container is marked 00:39:26.52000:39:26.530 with a triangle of three chasing arrows 00:39:28.98000:39:28.990 which encloses a number denoting the 00:39:31.50000:39:31.510 plastic type polyethylene terephthalate 00:39:34.20000:39:34.210 pet or peat high density polyethylene 00:39:37.64000:39:37.650 HDPE polyvinyl chloride PVC low-density 00:39:43.38000:39:43.390 polyethylene LDPE polypropylene PP par 00:39:48.96000:39:48.970 styrene PS other types of plastic see 00:39:52.71000:39:52.720 list below topic representative polymers 00:40:06.42000:40:06.430 topic bakelite the first plastic based 00:40:13.15000:40:13.160 on a synthetic polymer was made from 00:40:15.09900:40:15.109 phenol and formaldehyde with the first 00:40:17.14000:40:17.150 viable and cheap synthesis methods 00:40:19.05900:40:19.069 invented in 1907 by Leo Hendrik Backlund 00:40:22.18000:40:22.190 a belgian-born American living in New 00:40:24.30900:40:24.319 York State Baylin was looking for an 00:40:27.00900:40:27.019 insulating shellac to code wires in 00:40:28.87000:40:28.880 electric motors and generators 00:40:30.70000:40:30.710 he found that combining phenol c6h5 o/h 00:40:34.69000:40:34.700 and formaldehyde h co h formed a sticky 00:40:37.53900:40:37.549 mass and later found that the material 00:40:39.51900:40:39.529 could be mixed with wood flour asbestos 00:40:41.68000:40:41.690 or slate to us to create strong and fire 00:40:43.93000:40:43.940 resistant composite materials the new 00:40:47.17000:40:47.180 material tended to foam during synthesis 00:40:49.48000:40:49.490 requiring that Backlund build pressure 00:40:51.40000:40:51.410 vessels to force out the bubbles and 00:40:53.31900:40:53.329 provide a smooth uniform product as he 00:40:55.42000:40:55.430 announced in 1909 in a meeting of the 00:40:58.02900:40:58.039 American Chemical Society bakelite was 00:41:01.24000:41:01.250 originally used for electrical and 00:41:03.06900:41:03.079 mechanical parts coming into widespread 00:41:05.28900:41:05.299 use in consumer bullets and jewelry in 00:41:07.32900:41:07.339 the 1920s bakelite was a purely 00:41:10.48000:41:10.490 synthetic material not derived from 00:41:12.46000:41:12.470 living matter it was also an early 00:41:14.85900:41:14.869 thermosetting plastic 00:41:20.37000:41:20.380 topic polystyrene um plasticized 00:41:26.67900:41:26.689 polystyrene is a rigid brittle 00:41:28.56900:41:28.579 inexpensive plastic that has been used 00:41:30.51900:41:30.529 to make plastic model kits and similar 00:41:32.46900:41:32.479 knickknacks it also is the basis for 00:41:35.04900:41:35.059 some of the most popular foamed plastics 00:41:38.10900:41:38.119 under the name styrene foam or styrofoam 00:41:40.17900:41:40.189 like most other foam plastics foam 00:41:42.96900:41:42.979 polystyrene can be manufactured in an 00:41:45.16000:41:45.170 open-cell form in which the foam bubbles 00:41:48.16000:41:48.170 are interconnected as in an absorbent 00:41:50.16900:41:50.179 sponge and closed-cell in which all the 00:41:53.28900:41:53.299 bubbles are distinct like tiny balloons 00:41:55.23900:41:55.249 as in gas filled foam insulation and 00:41:57.37000:41:57.380 flotation devices in the late 1950s 00:42:00.59900:42:00.609 high-impact styrene was introduced which 00:42:03.18900:42:03.199 was not brittle it finds much current 00:42:05.82900:42:05.839 uses the substance of toy figurines and 00:42:07.87000:42:07.880 novelties 00:42:13.05000:42:13.060 topic polyvinylchloride polyvinyl 00:42:19.75000:42:19.760 chloride PVC commonly called vinyl 00:42:22.98000:42:22.990 incorporates chlorine atoms the CCL 00:42:25.93000:42:25.940 bonds in the backbone are hydrophobic 00:42:27.73000:42:27.740 and resists oxidation and burning PVC is 00:42:31.54000:42:31.550 stiff strong heat and weather resistant 00:42:34.00000:42:34.010 properties that recommend its use in 00:42:35.92000:42:35.930 devices for plumbing gutters house 00:42:37.81000:42:37.820 siding enclosures for computers and 00:42:39.94000:42:39.950 other electronics gear PVC can also be 00:42:43.33000:42:43.340 softened with chemical processing and in 00:42:45.31000:42:45.320 this form it is now used for shrink wrap 00:42:47.29000:42:47.300 food packaging and rain gear all PVC 00:42:51.07000:42:51.080 polymers are degraded by heat and light 00:42:53.02000:42:53.030 when this happens hydrogen chloride is 00:42:55.59900:42:55.609 released into the atmosphere and 00:42:57.16000:42:57.170 oxidation of the compound occurs because 00:43:00.19000:43:00.200 hydrogen chloride readily combines with 00:43:02.34900:43:02.359 water vapor in the air to form 00:43:04.03000:43:04.040 hydrochloric acid polyvinyl chloride is 00:43:06.67000:43:06.680 not recommended for long term archival 00:43:08.74000:43:08.750 storage of silver photographic film or 00:43:10.96000:43:10.970 paper miler is preferable 00:43:17.16000:43:17.170 topic nylon the plastics industry was 00:43:23.98000:43:23.990 revolutionized in the 1930s with the 00:43:26.32000:43:26.330 announcement of polyamide p.a far better 00:43:28.90000:43:28.910 known by its trade name nylon nylon was 00:43:32.08000:43:32.090 the first purely synthetic fiber 00:43:33.70000:43:33.710 introduced by DuPont Corporation at the 00:43:36.07000:43:36.080 1939 World's Fair in New York City in 00:43:40.38000:43:40.390 1927 DuPont had began a secret 00:43:42.97000:43:42.980 development project designated fibre 66 00:43:45.94000:43:45.950 under the direction of Harvard chemist 00:43:47.92000:43:47.930 Wallace Carothers and chemistry 00:43:49.45000:43:49.460 department director Elmer Kaiser Bolton 00:43:52.02000:43:52.030 Carruthers had been hired to perform 00:43:54.01000:43:54.020 pure research and he worked to 00:43:55.84000:43:55.850 understand the new materials molecular 00:43:57.97000:43:57.980 structure and physical properties he 00:44:00.73000:44:00.740 took some of the first steps in the 00:44:02.26000:44:02.270 molecular design of the materials his 00:44:05.38000:44:05.390 work led to the discovery of synthetic 00:44:07.09000:44:07.100 nylon fiber which was very strong but 00:44:09.58000:44:09.590 also very flexible the first application 00:44:12.79000:44:12.800 was for bristles for toothbrushes 00:44:14.38000:44:14.390 however du Pont's real target was silk 00:44:17.26000:44:17.270 particularly silk stockings Carruthers 00:44:20.26000:44:20.270 and his team synthesized a number of 00:44:22.12000:44:22.130 different polyamides including polyamide 00:44:24.25000:44:24.260 six point six and four point six as well 00:44:26.86000:44:26.870 as polyesters it took took on 12 years 00:44:30.19000:44:30.200 and 27 million dollars to refine nylon 00:44:32.98000:44:32.990 and to synthesize and develop the 00:44:34.78000:44:34.790 industrial processes for bulk 00:44:36.49000:44:36.500 manufacture with such a major investment 00:44:39.40000:44:39.410 it was no surprise that DuPont spared 00:44:41.77000:44:41.780 little expense to promote nylon after 00:44:43.93000:44:43.940 its introduction creating a public 00:44:45.67000:44:45.680 sensation or nylon mania nylon mania 00:44:50.20000:44:50.210 came to an abrupt stop at the end of 00:44:52.09000:44:52.100 1941 when the u.s. entered World War two 00:44:54.97000:44:54.980 the production capacity that had been 00:44:57.79000:44:57.800 built up to produce nylon stockings or 00:44:59.92000:44:59.930 just nylons for American women was taken 00:45:02.50000:45:02.510 over to manufacture vast numbers of 00:45:04.45000:45:04.460 parachutes for flyers and paratroopers 00:45:06.72000:45:06.730 after the war ended DuPont went back to 00:45:09.61000:45:09.620 selling nylon to the public engaging in 00:45:11.74000:45:11.750 another promotional campaign in 1946 00:45:14.59000:45:14.600 that resulted in an even bigger craze 00:45:16.39000:45:16.400 triggering the so called nylon riots 00:45:19.62000:45:19.630 subsequently polyamide 6 10 11 and 12 00:45:23.02000:45:23.030 have been developed based on monomers 00:45:25.15000:45:25.160 which are ring compounds eg caprolactam 00:45:27.84000:45:27.850 nylon 60 00:45:29.38000:45:29.390 six is a material manufactured by 00:45:31.54000:45:31.550 condensation polymerization nylon still 00:45:35.32000:45:35.330 remain important plastics and not just 00:45:37.54000:45:37.550 for use in fabrics in its bulk form it 00:45:40.57000:45:40.580 is very wear resistant particularly if 00:45:42.55000:45:42.560 oil impregnated and so is used to build 00:45:44.83000:45:44.840 gears plain bearings valve seats seals 00:45:47.41000:45:47.420 and because of good heat resistance 00:45:49.06000:45:49.070 increasingly for under the hood 00:45:50.68000:45:50.690 applications in cars and other 00:45:52.45000:45:52.460 mechanical parts 00:45:58.14000:45:58.150 topic poly methyl methacrylate poly 00:46:04.75000:46:04.760 methyl methacrylate PMMA also known as 00:46:07.63000:46:07.640 acrylic or acrylic glass as well as by 00:46:09.64000:46:09.650 the trade names plexiglass accra light 00:46:11.74000:46:11.750 blue site and perspex among several 00:46:13.78000:46:13.790 others see below is a transparent 00:46:16.00000:46:16.010 thermoplastic often used in sheet form 00:46:17.74000:46:17.750 as a lightweight or shatter resistant 00:46:19.81000:46:19.820 alternative to glass the same material 00:46:22.75000:46:22.760 can be utilized as a casting resin in 00:46:24.79000:46:24.800 inks and coatings and has many other 00:46:26.59000:46:26.600 uses 00:46:31.71000:46:31.720 topic rubber 00:46:36.18000:46:36.190 natural rubber is an elastomer an 00:46:38.50000:46:38.510 elastic hydrocarbon polymer that 00:46:40.48000:46:40.490 originally was derived from latex a 00:46:42.49000:46:42.500 milky colloidal suspension found in 00:46:44.53000:46:44.540 specialized vessels in some plants it is 00:46:47.50000:46:47.510 useful directly in this form indeed the 00:46:49.81000:46:49.820 first appearance of rubber in Europe was 00:46:51.70000:46:51.710 cloth waterproofed with on vulcanized 00:46:53.38000:46:53.390 latex from Brazil however in 1839 00:46:56.83000:46:56.840 Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized 00:46:58.96000:46:58.970 rubber a form of natural rubber heated 00:47:01.15000:47:01.160 with sulfur and a few other chemicals 00:47:03.01000:47:03.020 forming cross links between polymer 00:47:04.84000:47:04.850 chains vulcanization improving 00:47:06.91000:47:06.920 elasticity and durability in 1851 Nelson 00:47:11.20000:47:11.210 Goodyear added fillers to natural rubber 00:47:13.06000:47:13.070 materials to form ebonite 00:47:19.18000:47:19.190 topic synthetic rubber the first fully 00:47:25.78900:47:25.799 synthetic rubber was synthesized by 00:47:27.68000:47:27.690 Sergei Leopard Eve in 1910 in World War 00:47:30.92000:47:30.930 two 00:47:31.54900:47:31.559 supply blockades of natural rubber from 00:47:33.71000:47:33.720 Southeast Asia caused a boom in 00:47:35.53900:47:35.549 development of synthetic rubber notably 00:47:37.57900:47:37.589 styrene butadiene rubber in 1941 annual 00:47:41.63000:47:41.640 production of synthetic rubber in the US 00:47:43.75900:47:43.769 was only 231 tons which increased to 00:47:46.78900:47:46.799 eight hundred and forty thousand tons in 00:47:48.91000:47:48.920 1945 in the space race and nuclear arms 00:47:52.81900:47:52.829 race 00:47:53.32900:47:53.339 Caltech researchers experimented with 00:47:55.19000:47:55.200 using synthetic rubbers for solid fuel 00:47:57.34900:47:57.359 for rockets ultimately all large 00:48:00.10900:48:00.119 military rockets and missiles would use 00:48:02.21000:48:02.220 synthetic rubber based solid fuels and 00:48:04.33900:48:04.349 they would also play a significant part 00:48:06.10900:48:06.119 in the civilian space effort 00:48:12.61000:48:12.620 topic see also plastics portal
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