00:00:01.399 this program is presented by university 00:00:04.40000:00:04.410 of california television 00:00:05.78000:00:05.790 like what you learn visit our website or 00:00:08.72000:00:08.730 follow us on Facebook and Twitter to 00:00:10.97000:00:10.980 keep up with the latest UC TV programs 00:00:24.83000:00:24.840 good morning and welcome to science on 00:00:27.77900:00:27.789 Saturday I'm Joanna 00:00:29.64000:00:29.650 al bela I am the manager of the science 00:00:32.49000:00:32.500 education program at Lawrence Livermore 00:00:34.14000:00:34.150 National Lab and I'd like to welcome you 00:00:37.02000:00:37.030 science on Saturday is brought to you in 00:00:39.42000:00:39.430 collaboration with a partnership with 00:00:42.68900:00:42.699 the Livermore Valley Joint Unified 00:00:44.31000:00:44.320 School District and it's my honor today 00:00:47.07000:00:47.080 to introduce Chuck robe Rogi who's a 00:00:49.86000:00:49.870 member of their board to introduce our 00:00:52.82900:00:52.839 speakers for the presentation this 00:00:54.54000:00:54.550 morning Thank You Chuck morning who's 00:01:03.09000:01:03.100 here from out of town raise your hand 00:01:06.29000:01:06.300 great to see you well welcome to the 00:01:09.09000:01:09.100 Livermore's Bankhead theater and thank 00:01:11.01000:01:11.020 you for coming to the 21st year of 00:01:12.66000:01:12.670 science on Saturday presentations this 00:01:15.57000:01:15.580 is the first of four presentations 00:01:17.04000:01:17.050 created by the scientist from Lawrence 00:01:18.84000:01:18.850 Livermore National Laboratory and local 00:01:21.02900:01:21.039 science educators our topic today is the 00:01:24.09000:01:24.100 shale gas revolution only five years ago 00:01:27.78000:01:27.790 the world's supply of oil appeared to be 00:01:29.64000:01:29.650 peaking and conventional gas production 00:01:31.95000:01:31.960 declined in the United States today 00:01:34.26000:01:34.270 America's shale gas revolution is having 00:01:36.48000:01:36.490 a radical impact on the global economy 00:01:39.02000:01:39.030 today dr. Roger Ames and science teacher 00:01:41.85000:01:41.860 Dean Rees will address the technology 00:01:43.80000:01:43.810 processes an impact of extracting new 00:01:46.44000:01:46.450 oil and gas from vast shale deposits in 00:01:49.10900:01:49.119 the United States 00:01:50.42000:01:50.430 Dean Reese is the chairperson of the 00:01:52.64900:01:52.659 science department of senton Tracy High 00:01:54.17900:01:54.189 School Dean is also a faculty scholar 00:01:56.60900:01:56.619 for the Lawrence Livermore National 00:01:57.74900:01:57.759 Laboratories education program 00:01:59.78000:01:59.790 instructing the computer simulation 00:02:01.95000:02:01.960 teacher research Academy many of you 00:02:04.92000:02:04.930 will recognize Dean from past science on 00:02:06.84000:02:06.850 Saturday presentations dr. Roger Ames is 00:02:10.22900:02:10.239 a member of the energy and environment 00:02:11.81900:02:11.829 Directorate at Lawrence Livermore 00:02:12.96000:02:12.970 National Laboratory where he leads the 00:02:14.97000:02:14.980 geochemistry group Roger's career has 00:02:18.12000:02:18.130 involved a close coupling of scientific 00:02:20.72900:02:20.739 research engineering field demonstration 00:02:23.55000:02:23.560 an assessment of future development 00:02:25.56000:02:25.570 needs for technology he holds 15 patents 00:02:28.65000:02:28.660 in the area of insight Oh degradation of 00:02:31.56000:02:31.570 the organic chemical 00:02:33.39000:02:33.400 through heating simulation of steam 00:02:35.69900:02:35.709 driven underground processes and 00:02:37.22900:02:37.239 heterogeneous media and the mechanisms 00:02:39.36000:02:39.370 of thermally assisted remediation 00:02:41.53900:02:41.549 please welcome Rodger indeed hi I'm 00:02:50.69900:02:50.709 Roger Ames from Lawrence Livermore 00:02:51.86900:02:51.879 National Laboratory I'm Dean Reese from 00:02:54.00000:02:54.010 Tracy high school and it's our pleasure 00:02:56.36900:02:56.379 today talk to you about the America's 00:02:58.11000:02:58.120 energy system in particular the changes 00:03:00.53900:03:00.549 that have happened in that energy some 00:03:01.94900:03:01.959 just since you were in the third grade 00:03:03.22900:03:03.239 when we say energy system what are we 00:03:05.49000:03:05.500 talking about well today we're gonna 00:03:06.86900:03:06.879 talk about the energy that you use in 00:03:08.75900:03:08.769 your homes and the energy that you use 00:03:10.25900:03:10.269 in cars we're gonna skip over industry 00:03:12.50900:03:12.519 because we're trying to personalize it 00:03:13.68000:03:13.690 to just what would you what do we do 00:03:15.66000:03:15.670 here in the room what kind of energy do 00:03:17.22000:03:17.230 we use where does that energy come from 00:03:19.64900:03:19.659 well oil we know comes out of the ground 00:03:22.97900:03:22.989 and then we refine it in refineries the 00:03:25.25900:03:25.269 electricity which is the major energy 00:03:26.75900:03:26.769 that we use in our homes comes from wind 00:03:29.91000:03:29.920 and solar as you hear next week if you 00:03:32.09900:03:32.109 come to talk you hear about wind and a 00:03:34.08000:03:34.090 lot of it comes from big power plants 00:03:35.72900:03:35.739 many of those around the country are 00:03:36.99000:03:37.000 fueled by coal and we're gonna talk 00:03:38.33900:03:38.349 about how that's changing today and 00:03:40.25900:03:40.269 those are now being fueled by natural 00:03:41.75900:03:41.769 gas so let's think about energy and 00:03:44.78900:03:44.799 power what do these things mean what are 00:03:48.00000:03:48.010 the kind of units how much energy do we 00:03:50.52000:03:50.530 really use Dean could you give us a 00:03:52.94900:03:52.959 light a little penlight the dean has is 00:03:55.50000:03:55.510 one watt turns out to be that's a very 00:03:58.94900:03:58.959 convenient unit of energy and if he 00:04:01.40900:04:01.419 leaves it on for an hour he'll use one 00:04:03.44900:04:03.459 watt hour of energy that's about the 00:04:07.02000:04:07.030 stored energy that's in a triple-a 00:04:08.72900:04:08.739 battery good way to think about that 00:04:10.97900:04:10.989 many of you are carrying a cell phone in 00:04:13.19900:04:13.209 your pocket that has about five watt 00:04:15.65900:04:15.669 hours of energy sort in it but we want 00:04:18.87000:04:18.880 to think about how much energy we use on 00:04:20.72900:04:20.739 a larger scale what what about the 00:04:23.04000:04:23.050 energy that we use in our houses can we 00:04:25.89000:04:25.900 have a big light on Dean all right 00:04:30.92000:04:30.930 that's 00:04:33.32000:04:33.330 1,000 watts 1 kilowatt and that's about 00:04:37.61900:04:37.629 the amount of energy that we all use all 00:04:39.60000:04:39.610 the time on average we're using one 00:04:41.87900:04:41.889 kilowatt of energy when we're at home in 00:04:44.07000:04:44.080 our houses in California we use less 00:04:48.08900:04:48.099 energy less electricity than any other 00:04:50.15900:04:50.169 state we're number one 00:04:51.30000:04:51.310 yes and that's because we're very 00:04:53.96900:04:53.979 efficient in the energy that we use that 00:04:56.27900:04:56.289 1,000 watts is about how much we all use 00:04:59.64000:04:59.650 an average and the rest the country uses 00:05:01.71000:05:01.720 up to as much as 40% more than that it's 00:05:03.96000:05:03.970 1,400 watts if we use it for an hour 00:05:08.30000:05:08.310 that turns into a kilowatt hour and that 00:05:11.96900:05:11.979 electricity in California costs us about 00:05:14.04000:05:14.050 15 cents so Dean this difference between 00:05:19.46900:05:19.479 energy and power is a little confusing 00:05:21.80900:05:21.819 to me can you help us understand that 00:05:23.58000:05:23.590 absolutely so I just remember being 00:05:27.32000:05:27.330 actually I remember getting my first 00:05:29.33000:05:29.340 energy bill when I actually had to start 00:05:31.55900:05:31.569 paying for my energy and and I sighed 00:05:33.80900:05:33.819 and looked at that bill and a unit was 00:05:35.93900:05:35.949 there a kilowatt hour and I was 00:05:38.37000:05:38.380 completely confused about what a 00:05:39.93000:05:39.940 kilowatt hour meant and I'm sure a lot 00:05:43.08000:05:43.090 of people can kind of kind of you know 00:05:46.62000:05:46.630 think about that and say you know what 00:05:48.51000:05:48.520 does that even mean it's it seems like a 00:05:50.15900:05:50.169 really confusing unit so kind of going 00:05:52.20000:05:52.210 back to the the flashlights you know a 00:05:55.17000:05:55.180 triple-a battery here we go 00:05:57.02900:05:57.039 triple-a battery that's that's powering 00:05:59.27900:05:59.289 this pen light this puts out a lot of 00:06:02.33900:06:02.349 power you know and and that battery can 00:06:04.95000:06:04.960 basically hold that lot of power that 00:06:07.83000:06:07.840 light coming out of the flashlight for 00:06:09.89900:06:09.909 one hour so that's why they call it a 00:06:11.61000:06:11.620 watt hour so that kind of makes sense 00:06:13.86000:06:13.870 right so again if you're using a lot of 00:06:15.74900:06:15.759 power a lot of power for one hour you've 00:06:19.70900:06:19.719 just used a watt hour and the triple a 00:06:21.54000:06:21.550 battery can store one watt hour of 00:06:24.20900:06:24.219 energy power is like energy being used 00:06:27.51000:06:27.520 okay so the energy that from this 00:06:30.48000:06:30.490 spotlight here that's a kilowatt not one 00:06:34.55900:06:34.569 watt like the energy coming out of this 00:06:36.45000:06:36.460 flashlight but a kilo watt okay and so 00:06:39.60000:06:39.610 that's that's a much bigger unit of 00:06:41.63900:06:41.649 energy or rather a much bigger unit of 00:06:44.31000:06:44.320 power and if you used a 00:06:45.95000:06:45.960 kilowatt for an entire hour that would 00:06:48.59000:06:48.600 be a kilowatt hour and that's what PG&E 00:06:50.74900:06:50.759 that's the unit of energy that PG&E will 00:06:52.76000:06:52.770 will Bill us with and basically we're 00:06:55.67000:06:55.680 looking at how much how much total 00:06:57.37900:06:57.389 energy was used throughout the day 00:06:59.98000:06:59.990 thanks Dean so that's what we use when 00:07:03.35000:07:03.360 we use electricity but of course the 00:07:05.39000:07:05.400 other major use for us is transportation 00:07:08.27000:07:08.280 and that gallon of gasoline that you see 00:07:11.90000:07:11.910 there is equivalent to 33 kilowatt hours 00:07:16.33900:07:16.349 so that gallon of gasoline if we turned 00:07:18.71000:07:18.720 it into electricity would run that 00:07:20.08900:07:20.099 spotlight that was on Dean for a day and 00:07:21.98000:07:21.990 a half that's why we use gasoline to run 00:07:24.71000:07:24.720 our cars it's incredibly concentrated 00:07:26.42000:07:26.430 energy so that amount of gasoline if you 00:07:29.51000:07:29.520 drove to school in that old red truck 00:07:31.31000:07:31.320 would take you about 15 miles today 00:07:33.74000:07:33.750 though in a nice new hybrid car it'll 00:07:36.29000:07:36.300 take you about 45 miles much more 00:07:38.68900:07:38.699 efficient same amount of energy expended 00:07:40.99900:07:41.009 but you get much more value out of it so 00:07:43.93900:07:43.949 let's take a look at how we use energy 00:07:45.32000:07:45.330 where we get our energy from in 00:07:48.37000:07:48.380 California we just looked at gasoline 00:07:50.42000:07:50.430 and electricity where do those come from 00:07:51.68000:07:51.690 well you can see a lot of other things 00:07:52.93900:07:52.949 up here you're gonna see biomass that's 00:07:55.85000:07:55.860 pretty what's that those it's like the 00:07:57.35000:07:57.360 walnut shells out in the Central Valley 00:07:58.82000:07:58.830 that we burn and we actually make 00:08:00.46900:08:00.479 electricity out of those that's biomass 00:08:02.18000:08:02.190 energy hydroelectric power from the dams 00:08:04.70000:08:04.710 up in the Sierras jet fuel motor 00:08:07.93900:08:07.949 gasoline coal right at the very top it's 00:08:11.51000:08:11.520 a very small bar we don't get much 00:08:13.37000:08:13.380 energy from California in California 00:08:14.68900:08:14.699 from coal that we burn in the state of 00:08:17.65900:08:17.669 California the thing we have to be 00:08:19.37000:08:19.380 careful of is the very bottom line down 00:08:21.46900:08:21.479 there that says imported electricity 00:08:23.77900:08:23.789 that's electricity we buy from Utah and 00:08:26.65900:08:26.669 Nevada and other places where they do 00:08:27.95000:08:27.960 use coal to make electricity so we're in 00:08:30.08000:08:30.090 fact using a fair amount of coal for the 00:08:31.52000:08:31.530 electricity that we use but the big 00:08:33.86000:08:33.870 number on there is natural gas great 00:08:36.50000:08:36.510 majority of our energy and the great 00:08:38.02900:08:38.039 majority of our electricity come from 00:08:39.80000:08:39.810 natural gas in California today and 00:08:42.38000:08:42.390 that's good because natural gas is a 00:08:44.24000:08:44.250 very clean fuel and we'll talk about an 00:08:47.93000:08:47.940 example of a new natural gas-fired power 00:08:50.56900:08:50.579 plant that probably all of you have seen 00:08:52.76000:08:52.770 without realizing what it was this is 00:08:54.26000:08:54.270 just off I five out by load I remember 00:08:56.96000:08:56.970 where those 00:08:57.43000:08:57.440 songs are out in the end in between 00:08:59.59000:08:59.600 Stockton and Sacramento and I'm sorry so 00:09:04.36000:09:04.370 on the way to Stockton I'm gonna get 00:09:05.80000:09:05.810 myself in trouble two people from 00:09:06.88000:09:06.890 Stockton here which includes the 00:09:08.70000:09:08.710 moderator of the program this power 00:09:13.42000:09:13.430 plant runs on a thing called a turbine 00:09:15.49000:09:15.500 what's a turbine it's a jet engine that 00:09:17.86000:09:17.870 you fire with natural gas and you see 00:09:19.99000:09:20.000 that in the blow up and there you if you 00:09:21.97000:09:21.980 look on the right side of that the left 00:09:23.50000:09:23.510 side of that blow up you'll see that 00:09:24.49000:09:24.500 there's a guy standing there it's a 00:09:25.66000:09:25.670 giant jet engine it's actually bigger 00:09:27.19000:09:27.200 than a jet engine in an airplane but 00:09:29.53000:09:29.540 that you burn natural gas it spins that 00:09:31.72000:09:31.730 turbine and that spinning motion makes 00:09:34.12000:09:34.130 electricity but you see from the blow-up 00:09:37.03000:09:37.040 that that's the tiniest part of the plan 00:09:38.71000:09:38.720 turns out that we also want to use that 00:09:41.14000:09:41.150 heat that comes from the natural gas in 00:09:43.60000:09:43.610 addition to the motion that comes from 00:09:45.07000:09:45.080 it we use the heat and use that heat to 00:09:46.51000:09:46.520 make steam and the whole rest of the 00:09:48.28000:09:48.290 plant is used to make steam we run 00:09:50.59000:09:50.600 through another turbine and makes even 00:09:52.51000:09:52.520 more electricity this turns us into one 00:09:55.03000:09:55.040 of the most efficient power plants in 00:09:56.74000:09:56.750 the world we're getting more electricity 00:09:58.63000:09:58.640 out of this natural gas than any other 00:10:00.79000:10:00.800 kind of power plant and utilities love 00:10:04.15000:10:04.160 this kind of power plant because it's 00:10:05.56000:10:05.570 clean you've all seen it without even 00:10:07.18000:10:07.190 knowing what it was you didn't realize 00:10:08.65000:10:08.660 that was a power plant and when it runs 00:10:10.84000:10:10.850 it doesn't make a bunch of smoke and it 00:10:12.31000:10:12.320 doesn't pollute our air so we all like 00:10:13.90000:10:13.910 that why don't we use more of this 00:10:16.18000:10:16.190 because the natural gas wasn't available 00:10:17.92000:10:17.930 in the past today it's available and 00:10:20.47000:10:20.480 that's happened just since you were in 00:10:22.09000:10:22.100 the third grade this is a giant change 00:10:23.83000:10:23.840 and it's a change that's gonna be 00:10:25.06000:10:25.070 present for the rest of your lives 00:10:27.54000:10:27.550 this power plant makes electricity makes 00:10:31.30000:10:31.310 it about 300 megawatts of electricity 00:10:33.67000:10:33.680 and and Deana I'm getting confused again 00:10:35.68000:10:35.690 can you help us with the megawatts thing 00:10:38.37000:10:38.380 so you know scientists like to use units 00:10:43.24000:10:43.250 like megawatt or gigawatt or kilo gram 00:10:47.59000:10:47.600 and you know it's a useful way for 00:10:50.11000:10:50.120 scientists to basically represent really 00:10:52.06000:10:52.070 large numbers and be able to say them 00:10:55.32000:10:55.330 without having to go into the billions 00:10:58.48000:10:58.490 trillions and quadrillions you know you 00:11:00.34000:11:00.350 can just basically use metric prefixes 00:11:02.23000:11:02.240 and and exponents to represent these 00:11:05.14000:11:05.150 really large numbers really useful 00:11:07.21000:11:07.220 you've probably seen these in school if 00:11:08.56000:11:08.570 you haven't seen them quite yet you will 00:11:10.57000:11:10.580 ten to the one that's a one with one 00:11:13.12000:11:13.130 zero after it so if you ever see ten to 00:11:15.04000:11:15.050 the one you know that's that's what it 00:11:16.87000:11:16.880 means it just means ten 10 to the 2 is a 00:11:19.54000:11:19.550 1 with two zeros after it so that's 100 00:11:22.27000:11:22.280 and then you can imagine the pattern 00:11:23.56000:11:23.570 kind of goes up 10 to the 3 is a 1 with 00:11:25.93000:11:25.940 3 zeros after it 00:11:27.07000:11:27.080 so that's a thousand and it also has a 00:11:29.62000:11:29.630 prefix associated with it which is kilo 00:11:31.87000:11:31.880 so for instance if someone had a gram a 00:11:35.38000:11:35.390 gram mass that'd be very small you know 00:11:38.38000:11:38.390 maybe the mass of like a paperclip but 00:11:40.63000:11:40.640 if you wanted to scale that up you could 00:11:42.85000:11:42.860 say you could talk about kilograms and 00:11:45.46000:11:45.470 that would be a thousand of those grams 00:11:46.69000:11:46.700 same thing with meter and kilometer 00:11:48.37000:11:48.380 right a meter is about this big you know 00:11:50.77000:11:50.780 a kilometer is slight is 6/10 of a mile 00:11:54.43000:11:54.440 around so a kilo meter is a thousand of 00:11:57.82000:11:57.830 these meters right and you can scale 00:11:59.98000:11:59.990 down to it's centimeter and millimeter 00:12:01.27000:12:01.280 stuff like that 10 to the 6 one with six 00:12:05.02000:12:05.030 zeros after it 00:12:05.89000:12:05.900 the prefix is mega so you know for all 00:12:09.46000:12:09.470 of you hopeful millionaires out there 00:12:11.89000:12:11.900 maybe maybe some of you play the lottery 00:12:13.09000:12:13.100 maybe some of you aren't quite old 00:12:14.56000:12:14.570 enough yet or maybe don't want to but if 00:12:17.44000:12:17.450 you win the lottery you become you know 00:12:19.27000:12:19.280 you win the mega bucks they say right 00:12:20.86000:12:20.870 mega bucks that's a million bucks right 00:12:23.20000:12:23.210 so mega means million ten to the six 00:12:25.24000:12:25.250 Giga is another one think about hard 00:12:27.97000:12:27.980 drives 00:12:28.48000:12:28.490 although hard drives are actually 00:12:29.86000:12:29.870 becoming larger than than than gigabytes 00:12:32.83000:12:32.840 now they're starting to go to terabytes 00:12:34.30000:12:34.310 and and beyond but a gigabyte literally 00:12:37.51000:12:37.520 means a billion bytes of information can 00:12:40.30000:12:40.310 be stored in that hard drive and so Giga 00:12:42.88000:12:42.890 is 10 to the nine a one with nine zeroes 00:12:45.55000:12:45.560 after it so okay so you know let's kind 00:12:51.10000:12:51.110 of well you know one thing that Roger 00:12:52.51000:12:52.520 and I would like the audience to kind of 00:12:54.34000:12:54.350 take away from today's talk is just how 00:12:57.25000:12:57.260 much energy does the country use just 00:13:00.52000:13:00.530 how much energy do we need it as for all 00:13:02.74000:13:02.750 of us you know aside from just 00:13:04.57000:13:04.580 California what about all of America 00:13:06.22000:13:06.230 right that spotlight that was on me 00:13:09.46000:13:09.470 earlier that was a kilowatt of power 00:13:11.64000:13:11.650 that's energy in use right so a thousand 00:13:14.98000:13:14.990 watts of power is a kilowatt and that's 00:13:18.31000:13:18.320 basically how much energy the average 00:13:20.23000:13:20.240 Californian uses in there 00:13:22.54000:13:22.550 home each day okay and so if you kind of 00:13:26.01900:13:26.029 scaled it up you can say well guess what 00:13:27.55000:13:27.560 there's 350 million Americans out there 00:13:29.92000:13:29.930 and and Roger was pointed out we do 00:13:32.47000:13:32.480 pretty good as Californians we use kind 00:13:34.60000:13:34.610 of less energy than the average American 00:13:36.63900:13:36.649 but let's just keep it kind of simple if 00:13:38.68000:13:38.690 we were all using one kilowatt of power 00:13:41.07900:13:41.089 continuously as as Americans and there's 00:13:45.10000:13:45.110 350 million Americans then that means 00:13:47.65000:13:47.660 there's 350 million kilowatts of power 00:13:52.36000:13:52.370 that need to be generated that's 00:13:55.44900:13:55.459 equivalent to three hundred and fifty 00:13:56.80000:13:56.810 thousand megawatts of power and so the 00:14:00.16000:14:00.170 the power plant that Roger showed in the 00:14:01.96000:14:01.970 last slide that was a 300 megawatt power 00:14:06.06900:14:06.079 plant but for the residential energy our 00:14:09.10000:14:09.110 power output we need 300,000 of those 00:14:12.00900:14:12.019 that so that'd be equivalent of a 00:14:13.18000:14:13.190 thousand more of those throughout the 00:14:14.65000:14:14.660 country to power our electricity homes 00:14:16.90000:14:16.910 our electricity needs in our homes so 00:14:19.56900:14:19.579 that kind of gives you an idea of kind 00:14:21.22000:14:21.230 of how much power we need to produce 00:14:22.92000:14:22.930 thanks Dean so as we build new plants we 00:14:30.16000:14:30.170 have different choices we can build them 00:14:31.60000:14:31.610 with wind last year in the United States 00:14:34.75000:14:34.760 we built 2.2 gigawatts of wind power so 00:14:37.66000:14:37.670 that's about seven times bigger than 00:14:40.12000:14:40.130 that individual plant that I showed you 00:14:42.24000:14:42.250 we can do with solar this is just 00:14:44.65000:14:44.660 utility scale solar this is not the sole 00:14:46.90000:14:46.910 of that many of us have on a root 00:14:48.34000:14:48.350 rooftops but again about last year about 00:14:50.94900:14:50.959 2.3 gigawatts of solar power was 00:14:53.47000:14:53.480 installed natural gas like the plant 00:14:55.90000:14:55.910 that I showed you a little more than six 00:14:58.12000:14:58.130 gigawatts of new natural gas plants were 00:15:00.55000:15:00.560 built and now the big one that's missing 00:15:02.88900:15:02.899 is coal anybody care to hazard a guess 00:15:05.38000:15:05.390 of how many coal plants came online last 00:15:07.44900:15:07.459 year in the United States 00:15:10.47000:15:10.480 zero not a one we're moving into an age 00:15:15.55000:15:15.560 where we don't need to use coal anymore 00:15:17.43900:15:17.449 because we have these new cleaner 00:15:18.73000:15:18.740 sources of electricity and this is good 00:15:21.28000:15:21.290 news for everybody we're moving into a 00:15:24.63900:15:24.649 new age that interestingly comes from 00:15:28.11000:15:28.120 fracking and it's changed the picture in 00:15:31.96000:15:31.970 the United States very dramatically this 00:15:33.34000:15:33.350 is something that did not occur when I 00:15:34.84000:15:34.850 was a child it 00:15:36.40000:15:36.410 and really at any scale of substance 00:15:39.80000:15:39.810 until about seven years ago when many of 00:15:41.75000:15:41.760 you were just in third grade and it's 00:15:44.54000:15:44.550 changed the energy picture dramatically 00:15:46.13000:15:46.140 it's changed the choices that we've made 00:15:47.38900:15:47.399 and it's changed the choices that you're 00:15:49.43000:15:49.440 gonna have to make into the future one 00:15:51.92000:15:51.930 of the very first things that has 00:15:53.03000:15:53.040 changed is the choice between coal and 00:15:55.10000:15:55.110 natural gas I told you that utilities 00:15:57.26000:15:57.270 like those natural gas plants because 00:15:58.97000:15:58.980 they're clean it turns out they're 00:15:59.96000:15:59.970 actually inexpensive they cost half as 00:16:01.85000:16:01.860 much as a coal-fired power plant to 00:16:03.19900:16:03.209 build the biggest for my viewpoint is 00:16:06.19900:16:06.209 the climate impact I'm a climate 00:16:08.09000:16:08.100 scientist I care how much carbon dioxide 00:16:10.10000:16:10.110 goes up into the air and it turns out 00:16:12.13900:16:12.149 that coal puts twice as much carbon 00:16:14.03000:16:14.040 dioxide into the atmosphere as natural 00:16:15.94900:16:15.959 gas to make the same amount of 00:16:17.87000:16:17.880 electricity so to make a megawatt hour a 00:16:20.90000:16:20.910 thousand to power a thousand spotlights 00:16:23.00000:16:23.010 that were on Dean makes about 2,100 00:16:25.76000:16:25.770 pounds about a ton of carbon dioxide if 00:16:27.56000:16:27.570 you use coal it only makes a thousand 00:16:29.38900:16:29.399 pounds of carbon dioxide if you use 00:16:31.13000:16:31.140 natural gas so from a climate standpoint 00:16:33.29000:16:33.300 it's much better to use natural gas 00:16:34.91000:16:34.920 instead of coal if you have enough of it 00:16:37.82000:16:37.830 to use and that's a big if this has had 00:16:41.12000:16:41.130 a major impact though on the energy at 00:16:45.41000:16:45.420 the climate impact of the United States 00:16:48.44000:16:48.450 on the left-hand side you see a graph of 00:16:50.69000:16:50.700 the amount of carbon dioxide that the 00:16:52.22000:16:52.230 United States has emitted since I was 00:16:53.78000:16:53.790 about in high school since it was about 00:16:55.19000:16:55.200 in your age and it's climbed and climbed 00:16:57.68000:16:57.690 and climbed and climbed more co2 every 00:16:59.75000:16:59.760 year we used more gas we have more 00:17:01.64000:17:01.650 xbox's we have more TVs we use more 00:17:03.82900:17:03.839 electricity we've more carbon dioxide 00:17:05.05900:17:05.069 then about when you were in third grade 00:17:07.76000:17:07.770 it turned over started coming down why 00:17:11.36000:17:11.370 did it start coming down well because 00:17:13.46000:17:13.470 we're using less fossil fuels but let's 00:17:15.16900:17:15.179 look at where we're actually using them 00:17:16.66000:17:16.670 petroleum well we used to run our cars 00:17:18.65000:17:18.660 we're using less and less of that in the 00:17:20.84000:17:20.850 last seven years why is that because our 00:17:22.54900:17:22.559 cars are more efficient I call that the 00:17:24.11000:17:24.120 Prius effect good job if you've got here 00:17:26.29900:17:26.309 in hybrid you're contributing to that 00:17:27.89000:17:27.900 number coming down coal has been a huge 00:17:31.07000:17:31.080 change though look at how much the 00:17:33.02000:17:33.030 emissions from coal have gone down over 00:17:34.79000:17:34.800 the last seven years and why is that 00:17:37.40000:17:37.410 because of the graph that I showed you 00:17:39.53000:17:39.540 of the new power plants we're not 00:17:40.79000:17:40.800 building coal plants anymore we're 00:17:42.14000:17:42.150 replacing them with these clean new 00:17:43.66900:17:43.679 energy sources wind solar and natural 00:17:46.31000:17:46.320 gas and you see the natural gas line is 00:17:49.04000:17:49.050 in fact turn 00:17:49.67000:17:49.680 during that period because we're using 00:17:51.23000:17:51.240 it to replace coal it only turns up half 00:17:53.33000:17:53.340 as much as the coal goes down because 00:17:54.89000:17:54.900 the carbon dioxide from natural gas is 00:17:57.32000:17:57.330 not as great as from coal that's good 00:18:00.08000:18:00.090 for the whole country we're doing a good 00:18:01.85000:18:01.860 job keep it up but let's think about how 00:18:03.98000:18:03.990 each of us as an individual in this 00:18:06.14000:18:06.150 carbon dioxide Dean can you help us 00:18:07.67000:18:07.680 think about that sure really you want to 00:18:10.16000:18:10.170 think about two different energy needs 00:18:13.58000:18:13.590 out there right you one of them is 00:18:15.29000:18:15.300 running electricity for your house and 00:18:16.97000:18:16.980 one of them is the energy that you need 00:18:19.01000:18:19.020 for transportation and in both those 00:18:21.29000:18:21.300 situations you're you're you're 00:18:25.22000:18:25.230 basically accessing fossil fuels in many 00:18:27.41000:18:27.420 cases to basically burn them to get the 00:18:29.87000:18:29.880 energy that's locked into the chemical 00:18:31.55000:18:31.560 energy of a fossil fuel when you burn 00:18:34.79000:18:34.800 fossil fuels they release carbon dioxide 00:18:36.68000:18:36.690 and as Roger was saying that's a 00:18:38.54000:18:38.550 greenhouse gas and that that contributes 00:18:41.18000:18:41.190 to a warming planet and contributes to 00:18:43.58000:18:43.590 climate change so we really need to be 00:18:45.77000:18:45.780 careful and think about how much carbon 00:18:47.48000:18:47.490 dioxide we're emitting into the 00:18:49.25000:18:49.260 atmosphere I have some students from 00:18:50.87000:18:50.880 Tracy high that I'd like to call on out 00:18:53.39000:18:53.400 and so this is a weather balloon that we 00:18:56.93000:18:56.940 filled up and basically this represents 00:19:01.25000:19:01.260 if an American were to use a kilowatt of 00:19:04.67000:19:04.680 power continuously that's kind of that's 00:19:07.79000:19:07.800 the average American or California 00:19:09.56000:19:09.570 residential usage is one kilowatt of 00:19:11.12000:19:11.130 power this is how much co2 this is the 00:19:14.15000:19:14.160 volume of co2 that would be released 00:19:15.86000:19:15.870 after one day so it kind of shows you 00:19:18.77000:19:18.780 visually okay that's how much co2 I've 00:19:21.32000:19:21.330 used to use that kilowatt of power okay 00:19:23.78000:19:23.790 again on the other side we have 00:19:25.64000:19:25.650 transportation right and so we have a 00:19:27.35000:19:27.360 few more students that are have another 00:19:30.44000:19:30.450 weather balloon and this represents the 00:19:35.66000:19:35.670 amount of co2 that burning one gallon of 00:19:39.89000:19:39.900 gasoline produces this is just one 00:19:42.35000:19:42.360 gallon of gas and it turns out the 00:19:44.15000:19:44.160 average American uses about one gallon 00:19:45.80000:19:45.810 of gasoline a day some people are 00:19:48.23000:19:48.240 commuting into San Francisco maybe and 00:19:50.42000:19:50.430 they're using quite a bit more of that 00:19:51.68000:19:51.690 but then some people aren't so on 00:19:53.78000:19:53.790 average Americans are using one gallon 00:19:55.76000:19:55.770 of gasoline a day and so this is how 00:19:57.95000:19:57.960 much co2 is coming from burning one guy 00:20:00.49000:20:00.500 gasps so you know you think of the car 00:20:03.16000:20:03.170 driving around and you have this like 00:20:05.02000:20:05.030 invisible emission coming out but we 00:20:06.73000:20:06.740 wanted to kind of illustrate just how 00:20:08.41000:20:08.420 much co2 kind of our daily activity is 00:20:11.41000:20:11.420 producing and this is just two balloons 00:20:13.78000:20:13.790 right this would just represent one 00:20:15.31000:20:15.320 person in the room 00:20:16.39000:20:16.400 remember there's 350 million Americans 00:20:19.18000:20:19.190 in our country so that's the equivalent 00:20:21.43000:20:21.440 of 350 million of these balloons being 00:20:24.64000:20:24.650 produced for emissions on a daily basis 00:20:27.31000:20:27.320 and that really gives you a visual of 00:20:29.08000:20:29.090 kind of just how much co2 is really 00:20:30.76000:20:30.770 going to the atmosphere from our energy 00:20:32.80000:20:32.810 consumption okay 00:20:34.27000:20:34.280 well let's give these students a round 00:20:35.71000:20:35.720 of applause did a great job thank you so 00:20:42.15000:20:42.160 we make carbon dioxide by burning fossil 00:20:45.70000:20:45.710 fuels 00:20:46.33000:20:46.340 what are those fossil fuels and where do 00:20:48.94000:20:48.950 we get them from we have petroleum that 00:20:52.09000:20:52.100 we turn into gasoline we know about that 00:20:54.31000:20:54.320 we have natural gas and you talk about a 00:20:57.37000:20:57.380 lot more in the talk and coal which is 00:21:00.01000:21:00.020 the thing that we're trying to move away 00:21:01.57000:21:01.580 from because it's dirtier and it emits 00:21:03.22000:21:03.230 more carbon dioxide but these all come 00:21:06.43000:21:06.440 from very similar places and I want to 00:21:08.56000:21:08.570 tell you a little story about where they 00:21:10.09000:21:10.100 come from 00:21:18.60900:21:18.619 when I was a kid I thought oil came from 00:21:22.07000:21:22.080 dinosaurs turns out it doesn't it turns 00:21:25.43000:21:25.440 out it comes from the leaves that fall 00:21:27.08000:21:27.090 into the swamp that the dinosaurs were 00:21:28.63900:21:28.649 busy fighting over as you all know from 00:21:31.24900:21:31.259 your homes last fall there's a lot more 00:21:32.89900:21:32.909 leaves that fall into your yard than 00:21:34.31000:21:34.320 there are dinosaurs running around in 00:21:35.62900:21:35.639 your yard the leaves build up over time 00:21:39.22900:21:39.239 especially if they fall into water if 00:21:41.02900:21:41.039 they fall into a swamp or if they fall 00:21:42.40900:21:42.419 into a shallow ocean they get mixed in 00:21:45.73900:21:45.749 with mud from the water and it forms the 00:21:47.98900:21:47.999 thing called a mud stone that's going to 00:21:50.72000:21:50.730 last a long time particularly if it's 00:21:52.48900:21:52.499 wet now the next year you get another 00:21:54.73900:21:54.749 layer comes in buries it next year 00:21:57.32000:21:57.330 another layer buries that hundreds and 00:22:00.61900:22:00.629 thousands or even millions of years you 00:22:02.65900:22:02.669 get millions of layers and the layers 00:22:04.60900:22:04.619 get deeper and deeper and we all know 00:22:06.76900:22:06.779 that when you go deeper in the earth it 00:22:08.14900:22:08.159 gets hotter and this has an interesting 00:22:10.27900:22:10.289 effect it cooks those leaves as it gets 00:22:13.60900:22:13.619 hotter the leaves start to change into 00:22:15.76900:22:15.779 other chemicals and that rate at which 00:22:19.15900:22:19.169 they change and what they turn into 00:22:20.62900:22:20.639 depends upon how hot they get if they 00:22:22.87900:22:22.889 there they stay just a little bit warm 00:22:24.91900:22:24.929 and they stay that way for a long time 00:22:26.74900:22:26.759 they turn into coal and in fact in coal 00:22:29.89900:22:29.909 you can break up with a piece of coal 00:22:31.24900:22:31.259 and you can still see the imprints of 00:22:32.53900:22:32.549 the leaves inside it hasn't changed very 00:22:34.12900:22:34.139 much at all it's basically a bunch of 00:22:35.59900:22:35.609 leaves that have been compressed and 00:22:37.07000:22:37.080 cooked a little bit if you leave them to 00:22:40.27900:22:40.289 cook at a higher temperature for a 00:22:41.65900:22:41.669 longer period of time they turn into oil 00:22:43.36900:22:43.379 they start to break down you can't see 00:22:44.96000:22:44.970 leaves there anymore and you have liquid 00:22:47.50900:22:47.519 oil that's present in the rock if you 00:22:49.75900:22:49.769 get them to even higher temperature or 00:22:51.37900:22:51.389 cook them for the very longest period of 00:22:52.99900:22:53.009 time which happens at very deepest 00:22:54.37900:22:54.389 levels in the earth they cook and they 00:22:56.21000:22:56.220 turn into natural gas you basically 00:22:57.85900:22:57.869 convert all the carbon that's in these 00:23:00.32000:23:00.330 rocks into natural gas and that's good 00:23:03.40900:23:03.419 because you have a small amount of 00:23:04.84900:23:04.859 carbon in the rock compared to how much 00:23:06.10900:23:06.119 energy is there now which is why natural 00:23:07.82000:23:07.830 gas emits less carbon dioxide than other 00:23:09.73900:23:09.749 fuels it's interesting to think about 00:23:12.56000:23:12.570 these things though they come from 00:23:13.70000:23:13.710 leaves they're basically solar power 00:23:16.03900:23:16.049 right I mean the leaves absorb the Sun 00:23:18.10900:23:18.119 and they're they're making turning into 00:23:20.26900:23:20.279 fuels so why are we worried about fossil 00:23:21.91900:23:21.929 fuels different than solar power today 00:23:23.41900:23:23.429 the problem is we're using them so fast 00:23:25.63900:23:25.649 we're using them so much faster than 00:23:27.64900:23:27.659 these poor dinosaurs could make them I'm 00:23:28.94000:23:28.950 sorry they're not deines 00:23:29.79900:23:29.809 making the fuel are they it really 00:23:31.11900:23:31.129 leaves but anyway the point is we're 00:23:33.21900:23:33.229 using them so much faster than they were 00:23:34.89900:23:34.909 made that were using up this supply that 00:23:37.14900:23:37.159 was stored maybe a hundred million years 00:23:38.88900:23:38.899 ago which is when many of these fuels 00:23:40.23900:23:40.249 came from now how do we get them out 00:23:43.50900:23:43.519 this is a picture from the La Brea Tar 00:23:44.85900:23:44.869 Pits which I bet some of you had visited 00:23:46.68000:23:46.690 the oil and the leaves that it came from 00:23:49.74900:23:49.759 visible in the same picture like that 00:23:52.44000:23:52.450 oil is lighter than water and at LaBrea 00:23:55.77900:23:55.789 it'll bubble up out of the ground is it 00:23:57.63900:23:57.649 basically floats on top of the water but 00:24:00.07000:24:00.080 that's not usually the case usually we 00:24:03.36900:24:03.379 have to work a lot harder to get oil and 00:24:05.34900:24:05.359 gas out of the ground I'll show you what 00:24:07.18000:24:07.190 a conventional oil and gas reservoirs 00:24:08.76900:24:08.779 like it looks a lot like beach sand only 00:24:11.70900:24:11.719 it's turned into a rock it's turned into 00:24:13.45000:24:13.460 a rock called sandstone on the left you 00:24:15.90900:24:15.919 see that sandstone there's still spaces 00:24:18.19000:24:18.200 in between the sand grains and you know 00:24:20.64900:24:20.659 when you go on the beach and a wave 00:24:21.72900:24:21.739 washes up on the beach and it fills the 00:24:23.46900:24:23.479 beach with water and then the wave goes 00:24:25.20900:24:25.219 back and the water runs back out of the 00:24:26.79900:24:26.809 sand great the same thing can happen 00:24:28.44000:24:28.450 inside the the sandstone that oil and 00:24:31.65900:24:31.669 gas accumulate in the spaces between the 00:24:35.32000:24:35.330 sand can fill with oil or fill with gas 00:24:37.71900:24:37.729 and if you have a trap if you have like 00:24:40.83900:24:40.849 an inverted coffee cup in the ground if 00:24:43.26900:24:43.279 you have the rocks are bent in such a 00:24:45.21900:24:45.229 way that they trap that oil and gas into 00:24:47.32000:24:47.330 one localised place that's an oil 00:24:49.59900:24:49.609 reservoir and all you have to do to get 00:24:51.54900:24:51.559 that oil out is drill a hole in it put a 00:24:53.28900:24:53.299 straw in it and suck it out well I don't 00:24:54.63900:24:54.649 recommend that put a pipe into it pump 00:24:56.04900:24:56.059 it out but it's pretty easy to get out 00:24:59.34900:24:59.359 and the oil comes out from between those 00:25:01.23900:25:01.249 sand grains and that's what almost all 00:25:03.21900:25:03.229 oil and gas production up until the 00:25:05.20000:25:05.210 point that you were in the third grade 00:25:06.31000:25:06.320 came from and then we started developing 00:25:09.66900:25:09.679 it from a new right resource called 00:25:11.56000:25:11.570 shale well what's a shale shale is the 00:25:14.73900:25:14.749 same thing we still the same leaves 00:25:16.74900:25:16.759 falling in the same swamp only now 00:25:18.90900:25:18.919 there's more dirt that mixes in with 00:25:20.56000:25:20.570 them and it forms into a really really 00:25:23.22900:25:23.239 tight rock shales are not permanent or 00:25:26.52900:25:26.539 the beach sand that we talked about the 00:25:28.93000:25:28.940 water would flow in and out of it but a 00:25:30.78900:25:30.799 shale water will not flow through it its 00:25:32.56000:25:32.570 impermeable it's about as permeable as 00:25:34.71900:25:34.729 the shingles on your roof not much water 00:25:36.70000:25:36.710 flows through there right 00:25:37.86900:25:37.879 so when the leaves get caught in there 00:25:40.06000:25:40.070 and they get cooked what happens to oil 00:25:42.51900:25:42.529 and gas it's 00:25:43.31000:25:43.320 stays there it never gets to migrate out 00:25:45.59000:25:45.600 and form this thing that you can suck 00:25:47.51000:25:47.520 out with a pipe so the oil gas has been 00:25:50.39000:25:50.400 sitting there for a hundred million 00:25:51.41000:25:51.420 years and there's no way to get it out 00:25:53.09000:25:53.100 unless you break up the rock unless you 00:25:55.34000:25:55.350 fracture the rock and this is where that 00:25:57.41000:25:57.420 word fracking comes from so there's an 00:26:02.03000:26:02.040 enormous amount stored in these but we 00:26:03.44000:26:03.450 haven't been able to get it out up until 00:26:04.91000:26:04.920 this point but it's all over the country 00:26:06.80000:26:06.810 and this is a map of where some of the 00:26:09.32000:26:09.330 main shale gas resources are around the 00:26:12.53000:26:12.540 country you'll see the Marcellus there 00:26:14.03000:26:14.040 in Pennsylvania you'll see the Bakken in 00:26:16.46000:26:16.470 North Dakota who knows that North Dakota 00:26:18.17000:26:18.180 is now the second largest oil producer 00:26:20.21000:26:20.220 in the country surpassed California went 00:26:22.70000:26:22.710 way past us and without almost caught up 00:26:24.74000:26:24.750 to Texas except Texas also has shale gas 00:26:27.23000:26:27.240 in it so it's also going faster these 00:26:30.47000:26:30.480 shale wood deposits are distributed 00:26:32.87000:26:32.880 around the country the interesting thing 00:26:34.73000:26:34.740 is that because of some of the shales 00:26:36.05000:26:36.060 back east that's where most of the 00:26:37.28000:26:37.290 people live and so the natural gas no 00:26:39.23000:26:39.240 longer has to be piped all the way 00:26:40.55000:26:40.560 across the country they can actually 00:26:42.32000:26:42.330 produce the natural gas in near people's 00:26:44.06000:26:44.070 homes where it's actually being used the 00:26:46.91000:26:46.920 amount there this is impressive just in 00:26:48.92000:26:48.930 these seven places there's enough 00:26:50.93000:26:50.940 natural gas to fuel all the natural gas 00:26:52.94000:26:52.950 needs of our country for the next 30 00:26:54.83000:26:54.840 years now that might not sound like too 00:26:57.08000:26:57.090 much but to a utility executive wants to 00:26:59.30000:26:59.310 build when those power plants when you 00:27:01.85000:27:01.860 were born we only had 2 to 5 years of 00:27:05.09000:27:05.100 natural gas in the bank so to speak that 00:27:07.01000:27:07.020 we knew about and so they would say I'm 00:27:08.72000:27:08.730 not going to build a natural gas-fired 00:27:09.98000:27:09.990 power plant because I'm not sure I'll 00:27:11.12000:27:11.130 have gas to run it on now we say we have 00:27:13.52000:27:13.530 30 years worth and not only we have 30 00:27:15.62000:27:15.630 years but these are just seven of the 43 00:27:17.87000:27:17.880 shale deposits that are in this country 00:27:19.52000:27:19.530 there's an enormous amount out there and 00:27:21.35000:27:21.360 so people are much more confident that 00:27:22.85000:27:22.860 they can use this nice clean natural gas 00:27:24.47000:27:24.480 and they're not going to run out of it 00:27:26.39000:27:26.400 before their power plant is done working 00:27:29.29000:27:29.300 but how do we get it out it's hard to 00:27:32.75000:27:32.760 get out as I said it's an impermeable 00:27:34.13000:27:34.140 Rock so I'll walk you through how we do 00:27:35.63000:27:35.640 this first thing is you have to drill a 00:27:37.37000:27:37.380 well drill a well very deep these Tigs 00:27:40.49000:27:40.500 are typically seven to ten thousand feet 00:27:42.29000:27:42.300 deep two miles deep that's from here to 00:27:44.90000:27:44.910 Granada High School drilled straight 00:27:46.28000:27:46.290 underneath your feet and in the early 00:27:49.01000:27:49.020 80s when I first started working at 00:27:50.54000:27:50.550 Lawrence Livermore Lab the country 00:27:52.46000:27:52.470 figured out how to do something else 00:27:53.60000:27:53.610 that was really remarkable drill that 00:27:55.19000:27:55.200 well straight down then then turn it 00:27:56.78000:27:56.790 sideways 00:27:57.74000:27:57.750 and drill it horizontally so now we 00:27:59.75000:27:59.760 could drill into these tight rocks and 00:28:01.58000:28:01.590 follow them underground they can keep 00:28:03.86000:28:03.870 one of those drill bits inside a small 00:28:05.36000:28:05.370 room they could keep it inside your 00:28:06.59000:28:06.600 bedroom for two miles they can control 00:28:09.14000:28:09.150 it so tightly it's amazing to me that 00:28:11.00000:28:11.010 they can do that but even just drilling 00:28:14.12000:28:14.130 a well into this rock doesn't get the 00:28:15.80000:28:15.810 oil and gas out of it you still you 00:28:17.51000:28:17.520 drill the well in and not much happens 00:28:19.46000:28:19.470 you have to fracture the rock in order 00:28:21.59000:28:21.600 to get more out of it now how do we do 00:28:23.21000:28:23.220 that where do we do it 00:28:25.85000:28:25.860 first of all is the fun part is the the 00:28:27.44000:28:27.450 well is a pipe right the steel pipe so 00:28:30.44000:28:30.450 you have to have holes in that pipe and 00:28:31.73000:28:31.740 so there's a little tool called a gun 00:28:33.62000:28:33.630 and it's loaded with things that are 00:28:35.63000:28:35.640 especially great big shotgun shells and 00:28:37.37000:28:37.380 you put that under in the pipe and those 00:28:39.41000:28:39.420 shotgun shells punch holes in the pipe 00:28:41.39000:28:41.400 they shoot holes in the pipe and now you 00:28:43.91000:28:43.920 can pump things through those holes and 00:28:45.95000:28:45.960 what you pump through those holes is 00:28:47.18000:28:47.190 water you pump water very high pressure 00:28:49.85000:28:49.860 and it cracks the rock fractures the 00:28:53.03000:28:53.040 rock and that's the actual fracking 00:28:54.56000:28:54.570 process now the rock is deep underground 00:28:56.51000:28:56.520 if you just fractured it and then you 00:28:58.82000:28:58.830 walked away it would close up again 00:29:00.86000:29:00.870 because it's got all this rock pushing 00:29:02.30000:29:02.310 on it but the inject sand along with 00:29:05.87000:29:05.880 that water and the sand keeps it open 00:29:07.70000:29:07.710 basically makes it look act like that 00:29:09.44000:29:09.450 sandstone that I was telling you about a 00:29:10.88000:29:10.890 conventional air reservoir so now 00:29:12.26000:29:12.270 instead of finding an oral reservoir 00:29:14.00000:29:14.010 we're creating an oil reservoir by 00:29:16.19000:29:16.200 fracturing it you use an enormous amount 00:29:19.94000:29:19.950 of water to do this but you have to get 00:29:22.67000:29:22.680 that water back out of the way because 00:29:23.81000:29:23.820 you want to add oil and gas out so you 00:29:25.22000:29:25.230 have to pump that water back out of the 00:29:27.29000:29:27.300 well the way you pump the water in 00:29:30.71000:29:30.720 though is very interesting you imagine 00:29:32.24000:29:32.250 you getting enough pressure to fracture 00:29:33.74000:29:33.750 a rock you must have to use a lot of 00:29:35.27000:29:35.280 pressure right so I was visiting one of 00:29:37.16000:29:37.170 the companies that makes this kind of 00:29:38.42000:29:38.430 equipment they said would you like to 00:29:39.41000:29:39.420 see our factory where we make these 00:29:40.93000:29:40.940 pumps they call them frack pumps I said 00:29:43.34000:29:43.350 of course I want to see that and they 00:29:45.56000:29:45.570 took us out back there's a great big 00:29:46.85000:29:46.860 long shed and they have tractor trailers 00:29:48.98000:29:48.990 pulled in from either side and they're 00:29:51.05000:29:51.060 loading equipment on they say they 00:29:52.40000:29:52.410 prefer we start with the biggest tractor 00:29:53.96000:29:53.970 trailer that's legal where we're going 00:29:55.31000:29:55.320 to use it and then we take the diesel 00:29:57.11000:29:57.120 engine the same diesel engine that's 00:29:58.64000:29:58.650 used in a locomotive and we drop that 00:30:00.59000:30:00.600 engine down on the trailer of course it 00:30:02.36000:30:02.370 covers the entire length of the trailer 00:30:04.30000:30:04.310 and we put a pump on the back side of 00:30:06.83000:30:06.840 that the pumps only about this big it's 00:30:08.90000:30:08.910 only about five feet across 00:30:10.44000:30:10.450 to pump the water and I say oh okay so 00:30:13.77000:30:13.780 that's a frack pump they said no no no 00:30:15.84000:30:15.850 no you put 20 of those together 00:30:18.09000:30:18.100 that's a frack pump 20 diesel 00:30:20.94000:30:20.950 locomotives required to actually 00:30:22.59000:30:22.600 fracture the rock this is one of the 00:30:24.93000:30:24.940 reasons that this technology has been 00:30:26.58000:30:26.590 successful in the United States and not 00:30:27.93000:30:27.940 so much elsewhere yet is because we have 00:30:29.70000:30:29.710 the infrastructure we have the people we 00:30:31.05000:30:31.060 have the machinist we have the guys who 00:30:32.31000:30:32.320 know how to do this stuff we can build 00:30:33.99000:30:34.000 these things these enormous amounts of 00:30:35.34000:30:35.350 equipment that need to be done to do 00:30:36.81000:30:36.820 this but another question you might ask 00:30:39.63000:30:39.640 yourself about a process like this is 00:30:41.28000:30:41.290 how do we know what's happening 00:30:43.08000:30:43.090 underground we you can't crawl down 00:30:45.39000:30:45.400 there and look at it's 10,000 feet 00:30:47.10000:30:47.110 underground the fractures are only about 00:30:49.02000:30:49.030 a centimeter across you can't you can't 00:30:50.79000:30:50.800 even send a camera in to see what they 00:30:52.05000:30:52.060 look like this is something we work on 00:30:54.48000:30:54.490 the lab we want to understand where 00:30:55.80000:30:55.810 those fractures are we want to know what 00:30:57.12000:30:57.130 that they go where you want them to be 00:30:58.41000:30:58.420 and so we use computer modeling to study 00:31:01.29000:31:01.300 this and this is a model built my friend 00:31:03.00000:31:03.010 of mine named paint Cheng Phu and these 00:31:05.55000:31:05.560 are fractures you've seen that would 00:31:07.53000:31:07.540 really look like in a developing shale 00:31:09.42000:31:09.430 gas field like you saw in the Marcellus 00:31:11.16000:31:11.170 in Pennsylvania the fractures open up as 00:31:14.49000:31:14.500 the water pumps into them I've over 00:31:16.17000:31:16.180 emphasized how much they open up here so 00:31:17.82000:31:17.830 you see them they're really only a 00:31:18.87000:31:18.880 centimeter in the scale of this entire 00:31:20.49000:31:20.500 picture is a kilometer remember but one 00:31:23.43000:31:23.440 of the things that's sorry one thing is 00:31:27.99000:31:28.000 interesting about this is that there's 00:31:30.36000:31:30.370 only really two children in this family 00:31:31.95000:31:31.960 that do really well that get extra 00:31:33.36000:31:33.370 desert the two on the ends and everybody 00:31:35.19000:31:35.200 in between gets squeezed by the other 00:31:36.87000:31:36.880 two some of you may be familiar with 00:31:38.64000:31:38.650 that problem this fractures in the 00:31:41.61000:31:41.620 middle are not as good as the fractures 00:31:43.44000:31:43.450 on either end because they're getting 00:31:45.00000:31:45.010 squeezed and it's hard to break the rock 00:31:46.29000:31:46.300 open because it's being squeezed on the 00:31:47.67000:31:47.680 outside you wouldn't know this if you 00:31:49.02000:31:49.030 didn't have computer models to do it 00:31:50.73000:31:50.740 that's one of the things that we do at 00:31:51.93000:31:51.940 the laboratory we use that to see the 00:31:53.91000:31:53.920 unseen we've talked about natural gas a 00:31:56.16000:31:56.170 lot I'm a climate scientist natural gas 00:31:58.29000:31:58.300 really matters to me because it helps us 00:32:00.03000:32:00.040 replace coal it helps us have clean 00:32:01.86000:32:01.870 electricity it helps us to do so without 00:32:03.78000:32:03.790 as with as minimal of climate impact as 00:32:06.21000:32:06.220 we can get today but the big story as 00:32:09.69000:32:09.700 far as the u.s. goes is petroleum is oil 00:32:11.94000:32:11.950 and walk you through the history of oil 00:32:13.92000:32:13.930 in this country a little bit back before 00:32:16.26000:32:16.270 a World War two we used about as much 00:32:18.66000:32:18.670 oil as we produced and 00:32:21.50000:32:21.510 after World War two things changed we 00:32:25.15900:32:25.169 started consuming more oil than we 00:32:27.91900:32:27.929 produce that line started going up and 00:32:29.72000:32:29.730 where we were getting that oil we're 00:32:31.22000:32:31.230 buying it from overseas and during the 00:32:33.32000:32:33.330 70s we had some terrible crises where 00:32:35.39000:32:35.400 basically what happened is the people 00:32:36.38000:32:36.390 overseas said you're not paying us 00:32:38.03000:32:38.040 enough we're gonna stop giving you aisle 00:32:39.74000:32:39.750 it caused shocks it caused oil line it 00:32:42.47000:32:42.480 called lines to get gasoline around here 00:32:44.24000:32:44.250 because dramatic changes in our 00:32:46.10000:32:46.110 political thought process around that 00:32:47.96000:32:47.970 because we all like our cars we wanted 00:32:49.85000:32:49.860 to have the gasoline to run our cars the 00:32:54.02000:32:54.030 other thing that happened about the same 00:32:55.40000:32:55.410 time in the United States was we reached 00:32:58.13000:32:58.140 our peak production we'd been producing 00:33:00.04900:33:00.059 more and more oil every year suddenly we 00:33:01.94000:33:01.950 were producing less oil every year so 00:33:04.78900:33:04.799 now we got ourselves into a bad 00:33:06.20000:33:06.210 situation we were buying a lot of oil 00:33:08.29900:33:08.309 from overseas we were producing less and 00:33:10.76000:33:10.770 the other thing we were doing this was 00:33:12.62000:33:12.630 really smart back in those days we were 00:33:14.21000:33:14.220 using oil to make electricity with it 00:33:16.31000:33:16.320 and that's why you see those spikes 00:33:18.62000:33:18.630 every year and that consumption graph 00:33:20.27000:33:20.280 you do you make more electricity in the 00:33:21.74000:33:21.750 winter than the summer and so that you'd 00:33:23.18000:33:23.190 spike it well fortunately we figured out 00:33:25.07000:33:25.080 we shouldn't use our petroleum to do 00:33:26.53900:33:26.549 that but for the next 30 years 00:33:31.46000:33:31.470 this was a story every year we used more 00:33:34.73000:33:34.740 oil every year we produce less this is 00:33:37.03900:33:37.049 the environment that every policymaker 00:33:38.75000:33:38.760 every politician people on my age this 00:33:41.45000:33:41.460 is where we grew up in and this is how 00:33:42.74000:33:42.750 we thought about energy it was all about 00:33:44.81000:33:44.820 this every year it got worse every year 00:33:46.70000:33:46.710 we had more trouble it's not happening 00:33:50.99000:33:51.000 anymore 00:33:51.53000:33:51.540 since you were in third grade every year 00:33:54.32000:33:54.330 it gets better it's a new age of 00:33:56.78000:33:56.790 abundance it's a remarkable thing first 00:33:59.75000:33:59.760 thing I want to point out because you've 00:34:01.25000:34:01.260 had something to do with it is we're 00:34:03.35000:34:03.360 using less oil every year it's because 00:34:05.48000:34:05.490 of the Prius effect we're using more 00:34:07.94000:34:07.950 efficiently we're using less and we're 00:34:10.25000:34:10.260 getting more value out of the oil that 00:34:11.65900:34:11.669 we use but the purple line down on the 00:34:14.69000:34:14.700 bottom shows you that we're producing an 00:34:16.19000:34:16.200 enormous amount more oil in this country 00:34:18.26000:34:18.270 and that's coming from fracking in fact 00:34:21.13900:34:21.149 sometime this year we're going to 00:34:22.84900:34:22.859 produce more oil in this country than we 00:34:24.29000:34:24.300 ever have before we're gonna surpass 00:34:25.87900:34:25.889 that number in 1970 and this results in 00:34:29.57000:34:29.580 an entirely new game of musical chairs 00:34:31.25000:34:31.260 it used to be that every year a chair 00:34:33.34900:34:33.359 got taken away and somebody had 00:34:34.87900:34:34.889 without this year now the musical chairs 00:34:36.91900:34:36.929 game this every every year there's an 00:34:38.45000:34:38.460 extra chair and that's a much more fun 00:34:40.27900:34:40.289 game isn't it the money has been a big 00:34:43.46000:34:43.470 deal though seven years ago when you 00:34:46.22000:34:46.230 were in third grade we were buying 16 00:34:48.28900:34:48.299 million barrels of oil from overseas 00:34:51.04900:34:51.059 sources and paying them $100 a barrel 00:34:53.93000:34:53.940 for that money this year we're gonna buy 00:34:57.31900:34:57.329 10 million barrels of oil it's still a 00:34:59.50900:34:59.519 lot but it's a lot less and that 00:35:01.25000:35:01.260 difference $100 a barrel is 600 million 00:35:05.77900:35:05.789 dollars a day that we're no longer 00:35:08.83900:35:08.849 sending overseas we're still buying a 00:35:10.40000:35:10.410 lot of oil we're still we're using a 00:35:11.96000:35:11.970 little less but we're buying that oil 00:35:13.27900:35:13.289 from American sources we're spending 00:35:15.25900:35:15.269 that money in the United States and that 00:35:17.53900:35:17.549 has a huge impact on our economy and if 00:35:19.73000:35:19.740 you wonder why politicians seem to be in 00:35:21.55900:35:21.569 favor of fracking general that's the 00:35:25.06900:35:25.079 reason it has a gigantic economic effect 00:35:27.51900:35:27.529 but it's not for free is it there's 00:35:30.50000:35:30.510 giant environmental consequences that go 00:35:32.90000:35:32.910 along with the giant economic 00:35:34.25000:35:34.260 consequences and this is what we want to 00:35:36.74000:35:36.750 close out the talk talking about do we 00:35:40.88000:35:40.890 trust this age of abundance in hands and 00:35:43.57900:35:43.589 big oil not many of us do and I think 00:35:45.82900:35:45.839 that's when the fundamental problems we 00:35:47.35900:35:47.369 have is we have something that's really 00:35:49.06900:35:49.079 remarkable in this country and who's in 00:35:50.72000:35:50.730 charge of it well a group that we really 00:35:52.84900:35:52.859 don't fundamentally trust and this has 00:35:54.28900:35:54.299 led to a lot of concerns but I want to 00:35:57.44000:35:57.450 talk about the sort of direct 00:35:58.64000:35:58.650 environmental concerns that we see when 00:36:00.82900:36:00.839 you're doing fracking and what you all 00:36:02.42000:36:02.430 can do to think about solving those 00:36:04.00900:36:04.019 these problems first one I want to start 00:36:06.49900:36:06.509 with is really kind of a simple one 00:36:07.73000:36:07.740 truck traffic it takes a thousand truck 00:36:11.08900:36:11.099 trips to build one of those wells that I 00:36:13.27900:36:13.289 showed you they have to deliver sand 00:36:14.69000:36:14.700 they have to deliver water they have to 00:36:16.19000:36:16.200 deliver drill pipe they have to deliver 00:36:17.66000:36:17.670 the chemicals that get used underneath 00:36:19.39000:36:19.400 thousand truck trips in rural 00:36:21.89000:36:21.900 Pennsylvania that picture that I showed 00:36:24.41000:36:24.420 you there and the Marcellus that's a lot 00:36:26.77900:36:26.789 of trucks and something that's used to 00:36:28.24900:36:28.259 seeing a pickup truck a day the impacts 00:36:30.44000:36:30.450 were gigantic and what if one of those 00:36:32.59900:36:32.609 trucks happens to spill its load into 00:36:34.40000:36:34.410 the local Creek the environmental 00:36:36.10900:36:36.119 consequences are tremendous so just 00:36:38.63000:36:38.640 traffic is important when the state of 00:36:39.92000:36:39.930 Pennsylvania started the fracking boom 00:36:41.72000:36:41.730 started in Pennsylvania they were not 00:36:44.12000:36:44.130 taking account of this today if you want 00:36:45.76900:36:45.779 to apply for a well 00:36:47.74900:36:47.759 to drill a well in Pennsylvania you have 00:36:49.63900:36:49.649 to pay them fifty thousand dollars just 00:36:51.28900:36:51.299 to submit the paperwork you get nothing 00:36:53.32900:36:53.339 for that and they take that fifty 00:36:55.06900:36:55.079 thousand dollars they're spending on 00:36:56.12000:36:56.130 better roads and and inspectors and 00:36:58.09900:36:58.109 things to control this kind of thing but 00:37:00.37900:37:00.389 it's a simple thing but it has a 00:37:01.84900:37:01.859 gigantic impact when you talk about 00:37:03.28900:37:03.299 industry on the scale but the big thing 00:37:07.00900:37:07.019 is water this has always been the 00:37:09.13900:37:09.149 flagship issue and the problem here is 00:37:14.89900:37:14.909 that you use a lot of water and that 00:37:17.80900:37:17.819 water looks like the water that you see 00:37:19.78900:37:19.799 on the left 00:37:20.47900:37:20.489 what is it looks like well snot to me 00:37:22.12000:37:22.130 it's water wood guar gum in it what's 00:37:25.63900:37:25.649 guar gum that's the same thing that 00:37:27.04900:37:27.059 thickens your McDonald's milkshake think 00:37:28.81900:37:28.829 about that the next time you're in line 00:37:30.13900:37:30.149 it's exactly the same thing in fact for 00:37:33.25900:37:33.269 a while in the beginning of the fracking 00:37:35.28900:37:35.299 boom McDonald's was complaining they 00:37:38.59900:37:38.609 couldn't get enough guar gum to make 00:37:39.73900:37:39.749 their milkshakes 00:37:40.90900:37:40.919 because the frakkers were taking it all 00:37:43.23900:37:43.249 so if I was up here trying to sell you 00:37:45.70900:37:45.719 guys that fracking was a good idea I say 00:37:47.12000:37:47.130 oh look at it's mostly water ninety nine 00:37:48.67900:37:48.689 point five one percent of its water well 00:37:50.17900:37:50.189 that's not the whole story there's 00:37:52.18900:37:52.199 important things that you have to mix 00:37:53.56900:37:53.579 into that water one of them is guar gum 00:37:55.24900:37:55.259 which is the gelling agent but there's 00:37:58.81900:37:58.829 other things in there this acids there's 00:38:00.37900:38:00.389 friction reducers and surfactants what 00:38:02.23900:38:02.249 are those soap okay that's things to 00:38:05.08900:38:05.099 make the water slide down all that pipe 00:38:07.12900:38:07.139 and go into those little thin fractures 00:38:08.65900:38:08.669 one of those fractions are only a 00:38:09.62000:38:09.630 centimeter wide if there's a lot of 00:38:11.77900:38:11.789 friction and pumping water into them at 00:38:13.24900:38:13.259 high pressure some salt potassium 00:38:16.90900:38:16.919 chloride it's like sodium chloride this 00:38:18.82900:38:18.839 in your salt shaker at all 00:38:20.83900:38:20.849 what's that therefore that's to keep the 00:38:22.21900:38:22.229 water from interacting with a rock too 00:38:23.65900:38:23.669 much and then up at the top though are 00:38:26.08900:38:26.099 some important things scale inhibitor 00:38:28.21900:38:28.229 biocide what's a biocide it's something 00:38:30.97900:38:30.989 that kills anything biology biological 00:38:32.94900:38:32.959 bleach is a biocide the biocides are 00:38:35.95900:38:35.969 using here actually more potent than 00:38:37.37000:38:37.380 bleach but you can think about it that 00:38:38.65900:38:38.669 way and these are important because when 00:38:41.05900:38:41.069 you inject things underground 00:38:42.22900:38:42.239 there's always bacteria they're going to 00:38:44.23900:38:44.249 grow it's those bacteria grow inside 00:38:46.45900:38:46.469 your well they can clog your well so 00:38:48.22900:38:48.239 they use a biocide to keep the it from 00:38:49.93900:38:49.949 growing well gee we don't want this 00:38:51.94900:38:51.959 biocide coming out and getting into our 00:38:53.44900:38:53.459 drinking water do we that's a big deal 00:38:54.85900:38:54.869 you want to make sure you manage that 00:38:57.21900:38:57.229 pan 00:38:58.43000:38:58.440 this list of chemicals that are put into 00:39:01.16000:39:01.170 elves typically there's about a hundred 00:39:02.30000:39:02.310 chemicals that go into each fracking 00:39:04.16000:39:04.170 well one of the debates has been going 00:39:06.31900:39:06.329 on as some of the companies say we don't 00:39:07.46000:39:07.470 want to tell you what's in our magic 00:39:08.56900:39:08.579 formula because you know it's it's 00:39:10.54000:39:10.550 proprietary so we can do our best 00:39:12.68000:39:12.690 possible job and that's just wrong I 00:39:15.34900:39:15.359 mean this is important to all of us in 00:39:16.76000:39:16.770 the state of California today you if you 00:39:19.01000:39:19.020 want to frack a well you have to tell 00:39:21.05000:39:21.060 the state every single chemical that 00:39:22.84900:39:22.859 you're using by name and that just makes 00:39:24.74000:39:24.750 sense of course we want to know what's 00:39:25.94000:39:25.950 in there because then that helps us make 00:39:28.22000:39:28.230 up the regulations and control things so 00:39:29.96000:39:29.970 that these things get safely managed 00:39:32.51000:39:32.520 because obviously it's not just water 00:39:34.09900:39:34.109 there's important things you have to do 00:39:35.35900:39:35.369 there what comes out it's kind of 00:39:38.80900:39:38.819 interesting why does water come out 00:39:40.19000:39:40.200 again well you've got to pump the water 00:39:41.48000:39:41.490 out of the well so you can get the oil 00:39:42.95000:39:42.960 and gas out of the well right it's in 00:39:44.99000:39:45.000 the way and on the right hand side you 00:39:46.76000:39:46.770 see what the water looks like as it 00:39:48.44000:39:48.450 comes out it's a mess why is it a mess 00:39:52.25000:39:52.260 because it's breaking down as it comes 00:39:53.90000:39:53.910 out of the well you're breaking down 00:39:55.13000:39:55.140 this guar gum so you can pump it out if 00:39:56.75000:39:56.760 you can break down the guar gum it 00:39:57.77000:39:57.780 wouldn't move so you have to put in 00:39:58.91000:39:58.920 something to break that down and you 00:40:01.04000:40:01.050 have all these other chemicals that come 00:40:02.39000:40:02.400 out so what do you think the average 00:40:05.18000:40:05.190 company wants to do with this when they 00:40:07.13000:40:07.140 get it out of the well it looks like 00:40:08.21000:40:08.220 that mess they just want to throw it 00:40:09.62000:40:09.630 away because they don't want to take the 00:40:11.72000:40:11.730 time or spend the money to clean it up 00:40:13.33900:40:13.349 and that's a mistake in Canada today in 00:40:16.91000:40:16.920 in their fracked Wells every single drop 00:40:18.85900:40:18.869 of water gets recycled they take that 00:40:20.30000:40:20.310 water they clean the chemicals out of it 00:40:21.85900:40:21.869 they reuse the water makes a lot of 00:40:23.96000:40:23.970 sense it costs pennies per gallon this 00:40:25.97000:40:25.980 is sort of thing that we're moving to in 00:40:27.20000:40:27.210 the United States but sort of thing that 00:40:28.76000:40:28.770 we need to really make sure that 00:40:30.26000:40:30.270 companies do the right thing and treat 00:40:32.30000:40:32.310 this water appropriately because what 00:40:34.46000:40:34.470 happens when they throw it away 00:40:35.42000:40:35.430 fortunately they don't throw it away in 00:40:37.04000:40:37.050 insert they don't dump it into streams 00:40:38.69000:40:38.700 or something but one thing they do tend 00:40:40.73000:40:40.740 to do with it is pump it back deep 00:40:42.23000:40:42.240 underground and in this case they just 00:40:46.22000:40:46.230 keep pumping and pumping and pumping and 00:40:47.66000:40:47.670 pumping unlike the frack well where they 00:40:49.64000:40:49.650 pump until the fracture breaks and the 00:40:51.41000:40:51.420 brake fracture moves about the size of 00:40:53.56900:40:53.579 this auditorium it's about a hundred 00:40:55.04000:40:55.050 feet or maybe 200 feet and then they 00:40:57.34900:40:57.359 stop and they'll move on to another 00:40:58.43000:40:58.440 fracture make another fracture but when 00:40:59.90000:40:59.910 they're disposing of the water they just 00:41:01.81900:41:01.829 keep pumping it day and night day night 00:41:03.07900:41:03.089 day night and what do you think happens 00:41:05.99000:41:06.000 from that causes earthquakes state of 00:41:09.38000:41:09.390 Oklahoma now has more earthquake had 00:41:11.18000:41:11.190 more earthquakes into 00:41:12.26000:41:12.270 14 in California didn't that's wrong 00:41:14.77000:41:14.780 that's coming because they're causing 00:41:17.21000:41:17.220 the earthquakes by disposing of this 00:41:18.71000:41:18.720 water that doesn't need to be disposed 00:41:20.45000:41:20.460 of because it could just be cleaned up 00:41:21.80000:41:21.810 this is the kind of choice that we all 00:41:23.33000:41:23.340 need to make and then we all if we're 00:41:24.62000:41:24.630 going to use the abundance of shale gas 00:41:26.72000:41:26.730 we need to manage the environmental 00:41:28.97000:41:28.980 concerns as well last thing I want to 00:41:33.11000:41:33.120 talk about is kind of an interesting one 00:41:35.50000:41:35.510 natural gas is itself a greenhouse gas 00:41:38.69000:41:38.700 it's a potent greenhouse gas in fact 00:41:40.79000:41:40.800 it's 25 times stronger a greenhouse gas 00:41:43.73000:41:43.740 than is carbon dioxide and if we were to 00:41:46.49000:41:46.500 let that leak into the atmosphere it 00:41:48.38000:41:48.390 doesn't matter if we're being you know 00:41:50.21000:41:50.220 twice as good as coal if we're 25 times 00:41:52.97000:41:52.980 worse because we're letting the methane 00:41:55.01000:41:55.020 leak into the atmosphere letting the 00:41:56.45000:41:56.460 natural gas leak into the atmosphere so 00:41:57.86000:41:57.870 we have to be very careful not to let it 00:41:59.69000:41:59.700 leak this is something that's poorly 00:42:02.45000:42:02.460 understood at this point this is 00:42:03.83000:42:03.840 something that many of you in this room 00:42:05.12000:42:05.130 are going to study you're going to work 00:42:06.20000:42:06.210 on in the courses of your scientific 00:42:07.58000:42:07.590 careers because I know you're all gonna 00:42:08.87000:42:08.880 be scientists you all look like you're 00:42:10.31000:42:10.320 really excited about it controlling this 00:42:12.65000:42:12.660 methane today is done by flaring it off 00:42:16.43000:42:16.440 if you don't have a pipeline to put it 00:42:18.71000:42:18.720 into you're gonna burn it so what are we 00:42:22.64000:42:22.650 looking at in this map what are these 00:42:24.11000:42:24.120 lights that we're seeing you see Chicago 00:42:26.60000:42:26.610 and Minneapolis those are the lights at 00:42:28.46000:42:28.470 night from the cities from the 00:42:29.60000:42:29.610 streetlights in those cities and what's 00:42:31.58000:42:31.590 that blue one out it's labeled the 00:42:33.59000:42:33.600 Bakken formation that's out in North 00:42:35.18000:42:35.190 Dakota there's no cities in North Dakota 00:42:37.39000:42:37.400 there are so many wells out there which 00:42:40.34000:42:40.350 there's no pipelines to that they're 00:42:42.56000:42:42.570 just burning off the natural gas the 00:42:44.27000:42:44.280 extent that you can see it from space at 00:42:46.10000:42:46.110 night well a that's a waste of resources 00:42:49.91000:42:49.920 we need to get the pipelines there so we 00:42:51.65000:42:51.660 can do that and they're running the 00:42:52.61000:42:52.620 pipeline's they're getting them there 00:42:53.66000:42:53.670 that problem is being solved as we speak 00:42:56.66000:42:56.670 hasn't been so had not done yet but it 00:42:59.36000:42:59.370 points out a really important a poor 00:43:00.83000:43:00.840 thing here that we need to manage where 00:43:02.60000:43:02.610 the get natural gas is going whether 00:43:04.55000:43:04.560 it's leaking turns out people done 00:43:06.20000:43:06.210 studies and found it to for instance the 00:43:07.70000:43:07.710 city of Boston is leaking an enormous 00:43:09.23000:43:09.240 amount of natural gas from its old 00:43:10.37000:43:10.380 pipelines that's a big climate affect we 00:43:12.62000:43:12.630 have to if we're going to be using 00:43:14.09000:43:14.100 natural gas in the future we're going to 00:43:15.47000:43:15.480 use it for a big part of our energy 00:43:16.61000:43:16.620 picture we have to manage the 00:43:18.62000:43:18.630 environmental impacts of that as well 00:43:20.72000:43:20.730 and this is one of the things that's 00:43:23.75000:43:23.760 going to be a important part 00:43:25.64000:43:25.650 of your lives and here's the challenge 00:43:27.76900:43:27.779 for you you live in an age of abundance 00:43:30.55900:43:30.569 it's a new age of abundance it's 00:43:32.48000:43:32.490 something that policymakers the guys 00:43:34.43000:43:34.440 with the gray hair we don't know about 00:43:35.93000:43:35.940 this because it's new it's for you guys 00:43:37.88000:43:37.890 to figure out and it's a energy 00:43:41.77900:43:41.789 abundance but it's also a gigantic 00:43:43.33900:43:43.349 environmental challenge natural gas is 00:43:46.01000:43:46.020 letting us move beyond coal it's letting 00:43:48.10900:43:48.119 us put coal behind us it's making the 00:43:50.05900:43:50.069 country a lot of money and that's good 00:43:52.46000:43:52.470 for everybody but it's also creating an 00:43:55.13000:43:55.140 agile and organic environmental 00:43:56.93000:43:56.940 challenge we want to burn the oil we 00:44:00.71000:44:00.720 would if we burn the oil then it's going 00:44:02.35900:44:02.369 to turn into carbon dioxide we want to 00:44:04.67000:44:04.680 produce the oil and we have all those 00:44:06.31900:44:06.329 environmental issues associated fracking 00:44:08.02900:44:08.039 and making it so we have to balance all 00:44:10.91000:44:10.920 those things you you guys in the room 00:44:13.13000:44:13.140 are going to have to balance the choices 00:44:14.96000:44:14.970 of how you do environmental and energy 00:44:17.12000:44:17.130 choices as you move forward the good 00:44:21.23000:44:21.240 news is we now have many more ways to 00:44:23.83900:44:23.849 succeed that we did when you were in the 00:44:25.16000:44:25.170 third grade it's a much better picture 00:44:27.31900:44:27.329 it's better to deal with abundance to 00:44:29.53900:44:29.549 deal with scarcity we have choices that 00:44:31.49000:44:31.500 we can make we had new engineering new 00:44:34.22000:44:34.230 science that we can apply to these and 00:44:36.17000:44:36.180 these are the kind of things this is 00:44:37.01000:44:37.020 going to be the great endeavor of your 00:44:38.45000:44:38.460 age these are going to be things that 00:44:39.76900:44:39.779 you're working on and I know you're 00:44:41.24000:44:41.250 gonna make very good choices and Dean 00:44:43.40000:44:43.410 why don't we talk to him about those 00:44:45.17000:44:45.180 choices okay so you've been hearing a 00:44:49.43000:44:49.440 lot of things about natural gas about 00:44:51.65000:44:51.660 fracking about the benefits to it and 00:44:54.14000:44:54.150 also the consequences of accessing 00:44:56.39000:44:56.400 natural gas so you know we have we have 00:45:00.76900:45:00.779 some decisions to make and we have we 00:45:02.24000:45:02.250 have an opinion poll that we'd like to 00:45:03.65000:45:03.660 to to have you participate in this is a 00:45:07.27900:45:07.289 science on Saturday first and actually 00:45:09.52900:45:09.539 since you're the second show it's a 00:45:11.48000:45:11.490 science on Saturday second what we 00:45:13.09900:45:13.109 learned from the first show is we 00:45:14.83900:45:14.849 actually can only get the poll data from 00:45:17.59900:45:17.609 the first 40 people to participate so 00:45:19.81900:45:19.829 it's actually kind of a text race and I 00:45:22.09900:45:22.109 hope you're ready to participate in a 00:45:23.39000:45:23.400 text message race so remember text 00:45:26.02900:45:26.039 messaging rates apply you should have 00:45:27.47000:45:27.480 permission from your parents before you 00:45:29.02900:45:29.039 text so to participate in this poll you 00:45:33.50000:45:33.510 have to text a message to 3 7 607 that's 00:45:37.57900:45:37.589 the number you're going to text to 00:45:38.87000:45:38.880 and the message message that you're 00:45:40.70000:45:40.710 going to send is Dean Reese to 5/9 so 00:45:44.57000:45:44.580 you're gonna text to the number three 00:45:46.97000:45:46.980 seven six oh seven the message Dean 00:45:49.37000:45:49.380 Reese two five nine and once you do that 00:45:51.32000:45:51.330 you'll be in the poll okay and you can 00:45:53.48000:45:53.490 begin now once you're in the poll you're 00:45:56.87000:45:56.880 either gonna basically send a text 00:45:59.72000:45:59.730 message of a B or C once you're in and 00:46:03.04000:46:03.050 and then we'll get some data from you 00:46:05.12000:46:05.130 guys about whether or not you think 00:46:06.95000:46:06.960 fracking is a temporary solution to our 00:46:10.73000:46:10.740 energy issues in the country and our 00:46:14.60000:46:14.610 energy demand in the country do you 00:46:16.40000:46:16.410 think fracking for natural gas is a 00:46:18.53000:46:18.540 permanent solution it's something that 00:46:20.00000:46:20.010 you're saying you know what this this 00:46:21.89000:46:21.900 seems great let's do it or do you think 00:46:24.56000:46:24.570 fracking for natural gas just simply is 00:46:26.51000:46:26.520 not a solution after what you heard 00:46:27.89000:46:27.900 today and there's no right answer this 00:46:29.48000:46:29.490 question this is just an opinion of and 00:46:32.24000:46:32.250 and it's gonna be a different answer for 00:46:34.43000:46:34.440 everybody so we kind of want to see what 00:46:36.92000:46:36.930 you might think so we have room for 40 00:46:42.32000:46:42.330 so right now we have about 12 of you in 00:46:44.66000:46:44.670 in the poll and we'll let it run for a 00:46:47.90000:46:47.910 little while longer before we kind of 00:46:50.87000:46:50.880 see what you think you're texting Dean 00:46:53.87000:46:53.880 Reese two five nine to the phone number 00:46:55.82000:46:55.830 three seven six oh seven that'll get you 00:46:58.25000:46:58.260 in the poll and once you're in the poll 00:47:01.12000:47:01.130 choose either a B or C depending on what 00:47:04.43000:47:04.440 you think is your answer well here we go 00:47:08.36000:47:08.370 Riley Vale what we're trying to do is 00:47:10.31000:47:10.320 get you guys to think about these 00:47:12.17000:47:12.180 questions and think about what choices 00:47:14.60000:47:14.610 you would make in the future 00:47:15.74000:47:15.750 and hopefully what careers you would 00:47:17.60000:47:17.610 pursue in the future because there's a 00:47:20.15000:47:20.160 lot of science a lot of engineering to 00:47:21.77000:47:21.780 be done you guys are going to be the 00:47:23.39000:47:23.400 ones to do it and it's going to be an 00:47:24.92000:47:24.930 exciting time it's gonna be a lot of 00:47:27.02000:47:27.030 really good things to do and good news 00:47:29.75000:47:29.760 is there's gonna be the money to do it 00:47:31.01000:47:31.020 with thank you very much 00:47:40.37000:47:40.380 you
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