00:00:01.070 let's talk about the steam cracker which 00:00:04.16000:00:04.170 is the heart of the petrochemical plant 00:00:06.59000:00:06.600 this is the main unit which will be 00:00:09.25900:00:09.269 producing the most petrochemicals in the 00:00:12.79900:00:12.809 world or at the plant 00:00:14.50900:00:14.519 okay so steep cracker remember that we 00:00:18.32000:00:18.330 will be using naphtha raw material and 00:00:21.34900:00:21.359 what we want to do is to obtain the most 00:00:23.02900:00:23.039 amount of ethylene propylene ethylene 00:00:26.65000:00:26.660 and buta TM okay so how do we do this 00:00:32.45000:00:32.460 we're going to be using two main stages 00:00:35.36000:00:35.370 the first one will be hot will be high 00:00:38.66000:00:38.670 in temperature and average in pressure 00:00:41.83000:00:41.840 some even state the compression stage is 00:00:45.79900:00:45.809 a let's say stage per se but I actually 00:00:49.16000:00:49.170 prefer to get them into the second part 00:00:52.85000:00:52.860 which is cold stage the cold stage must 00:00:55.93900:00:55.949 be high pressure low in temperature 00:00:59.26000:00:59.270 the main concept for the main idea is to 00:01:02.00000:01:02.010 produce make lots of all of its olefins 00:01:04.91000:01:04.920 must have double bonds in cards the 00:01:08.96000:01:08.970 typical feedstock is NAFTA and it will 00:01:11.14900:01:11.159 fire Charlie gas or even natural gas if 00:01:13.82000:01:13.830 even chemical processes exist to convert 00:01:16.64000:01:16.650 the heavier components into more useful 00:01:18.83000:01:18.840 materials so you have C X H Y which you 00:01:23.03000:01:23.040 don't know you don't care you're going 00:01:24.83000:01:24.840 to have water and oxygen and what you do 00:01:27.08000:01:27.090 what you want to do is to maximize 00:01:28.99900:01:29.009 ethylene ethane acetylene hydrogen gas 00:01:35.45000:01:35.460 is a byproduct carbons these are 00:01:38.63000:01:38.640 selected carbon materials methane well 00:01:42.74000:01:42.750 technically you don't want that but 00:01:44.12000:01:44.130 that's the a byproduct this is pro 00:01:47.45000:01:47.460 painting not properly this is what you 00:01:49.42900:01:49.439 want this is what you want the most this 00:01:51.98000:01:51.990 is what you want also also ethane 00:01:55.76000:01:55.770 propane propane bottling is also very 00:02:01.37000:02:01.380 important has double bond hexane 00:02:04.63900:02:04.649 technically this is benzene some carbon 00:02:07.73000:02:07.740 leftovers heavy oils and so on keep 00:02:10.91000:02:10.920 important parts right here let me 00:02:14.24000:02:14.250 here the important ones are this is the 00:02:18.84000:02:18.850 most secondly will be this one right 00:02:22.23000:02:22.240 here third will be these guys right here 00:02:29.06000:02:29.070 and it will be the last not technically 00:02:34.05000:02:34.060 this and this one right here this one 00:02:37.92000:02:37.930 right here this one right here will be 00:02:40.68000:02:40.690 going as natural gas or to find 00:02:43.65000:02:43.660 petroleum gases these can be used as 00:02:46.17000:02:46.180 seen gas and this is benzene if you want 00:02:49.38000:02:49.390 to separate that you want to take away 00:02:51.00000:02:51.010 the carbon solids material 00:02:53.00900:02:53.019 coke and the heavy oils must be removed 00:02:56.44900:02:56.459 record temperatures that inform us 00:02:58.65000:02:58.660 behind 700 to 800 Celsius the reaction 00:03:03.75000:03:03.760 is pretty complex because we are 00:03:05.46000:03:05.470 producing a lot of material in Iran so 00:03:07.68000:03:07.690 it will be of no use to state each 00:03:11.19000:03:11.200 individual kinetic and individual 00:03:13.89000:03:13.900 material it because you're using bulk 00:03:15.66000:03:15.670 material chemistry so just assume that 00:03:18.66000:03:18.670 you're getting this material talking 00:03:21.27000:03:21.280 about the structure we got the hot 00:03:23.46000:03:23.470 section you have little furnaces I'm 00:03:26.88000:03:26.890 technically not furnaces but there are 00:03:28.31900:03:28.329 the reactors which are producing the 00:03:30.77000:03:30.780 olefins then you have the compression 00:03:33.84000:03:33.850 quenching and this is the cold section 00:03:36.30000:03:36.310 what you want is low temperature and 00:03:38.72900:03:38.739 plenty of distillation towers in order 00:03:41.85000:03:41.860 to remove the ethane butane propane 00:03:45.08000:03:45.090 methane and so on talking about that let 00:03:49.50000:03:49.510 me show you this image so this is steam 00:03:52.28900:03:52.299 cracking unit in Wilton in the northeast 00:03:55.31900:03:55.329 of England you can see there are plenty 00:03:57.66000:03:57.670 of towers 00:03:59.00900:03:59.019 what are those towers well first I want 00:04:01.77000:04:01.780 you to answer this question is this the 00:04:04.94900:04:04.959 hot section or the colored section stand 00:04:08.94000:04:08.950 before these are the distillation 00:04:11.25000:04:11.260 columns therefore this must be in the 00:04:13.25900:04:13.269 Code section okay so this is the called 00:04:16.59000:04:16.600 section so let's go to number one this 00:04:21.33000:04:21.340 tower right here what's this this is a 00:04:23.94000:04:23.950 10 volt annasher 00:04:25.74000:04:25.750 which separates c4 00:04:27.11000:04:27.120 from c16 remixes so clearly these are 00:04:30.40900:04:30.419 very volatile materials these are made 00:04:32.60000:04:32.610 in volatile what you want to do is first 00:04:34.85000:04:34.860 remove all three for material now they 00:04:38.33000:04:38.340 will go to the second stage which is the 00:04:40.67000:04:40.680 dead prop Nizer remove c3 so here let's 00:04:45.59000:04:45.600 say c3 removes all technically will go 00:04:48.95000:04:48.960 down c3 this will be C 1 & 2 1 2 here as 00:04:56.99000:04:57.000 well you have Cu 1 up to 3 we're going 00:05:00.95000:05:00.960 to see this later on don't worry more 00:05:02.51000:05:02.520 technically but I want to show you the 00:05:04.40000:05:04.410 main concept and this is see if water 00:05:07.21000:05:07.220 then we continue and this stream will go 00:05:11.06000:05:11.070 to the stage number 3 which is the day 00:05:14.30000:05:14.310 Etha nicer now this will separate c2 00:05:17.33000:05:17.340 hydrocarbons you see two hydrocarbons 00:05:20.33000:05:20.340 all this is c1 and c2 will be gone here 00:05:24.12900:05:24.139 why don't we see two hydrocarbons 00:05:26.75000:05:26.760 well ethane and ethylene and acetylene 00:05:30.94000:05:30.950 then let's go forward this is for a here 00:05:35.51000:05:35.520 we got the day methan Iser which 00:05:38.27000:05:38.280 separates out the methane so this will 00:05:40.87900:05:40.889 separate the methane 5a is the secret 00:05:43.79000:05:43.800 splitter which separates propane from 00:05:45.77000:05:45.780 propyne so this is the double bond and 00:05:50.71900:05:50.729 this contains single bonds this stage 00:05:53.83900:05:53.849 number 5 so this is propylene and here 00:06:00.17000:06:00.180 it goes 10 6 here is the C to split the 00:06:04.37000:06:04.380 remember that we gotta ensure that we 00:06:06.20000:06:06.210 separate the ethylene from the ethane so 00:06:09.71000:06:09.720 these will have the double bonded 00:06:11.48000:06:11.490 carbons and they will go as here okay so 00:06:15.08000:06:15.090 you got the idea we are going to have 00:06:18.29000:06:18.300 plenty of separations especially between 00:06:20.27000:06:20.280 C 1 C 2 C 3 and C 4 materials and these 00:06:25.61000:06:25.620 are the units again 00:06:30.59000:06:30.600 is just an overview okay so let's see 00:06:33.47000:06:33.480 how it goes 00:06:34.37000:06:34.380 we got a pyrolysis furnace those are 00:06:36.83000:06:36.840 here and here you have fuel because you 00:06:39.23000:06:39.240 must increase the temperature you have 00:06:40.88000:06:40.890 water remember that this is steam 00:06:42.89000:06:42.900 cracking and you get NAFTA you got here 00:06:46.10000:06:46.110 there is reaction then you bring the 00:06:47.96000:06:47.970 material here there will be some more 00:06:50.24000:06:50.250 let's say cooling and then you screw up 00:06:53.48000:06:53.490 the waste oil remember that we're going 00:06:56.06000:06:56.070 to have some oils and we are going to 00:06:59.66000:06:59.670 remove all other materials then we have 00:07:03.29000:07:03.300 also this C 2 C 3 C 4 which are recycled 00:07:06.56000:07:06.570 so remember from here we're going to 00:07:10.28000:07:10.290 have these materials this saturates what 00:07:12.83000:07:12.840 we imply with Sattar is that this is a 00:07:15.29000:07:15.300 same propane and butane materials ok 00:07:19.87000:07:19.880 very important we are going to apply the 00:07:23.54000:07:23.550 same pyrolysis then we're going to clean 00:07:26.18000:07:26.190 these scrubbing and then now that we're 00:07:28.52000:07:28.530 ready we are going to compress this we 00:07:32.96000:07:32.970 compress this we separate the light 00:07:36.05000:07:36.060 material which typically are hydrogen 00:07:38.18000:07:38.190 gas carbon monoxide and the C 1 C 3 00:07:41.42000:07:41.430 materials some C 3 C 4 00:07:44.45000:07:44.460 what shall we go down and then we got in 00:07:48.02000:07:48.030 washer essentially what we want to do is 00:07:49.94000:07:49.950 to remove all the leftover material we 00:07:52.85000:07:52.860 dry them and we have only C 1 versus C 3 00:07:55.67000:07:55.680 we got the dam and the neiser 00:07:59.17000:07:59.180 which will take away methane here we 00:08:03.68000:08:03.690 have C 2 C 3 we have the de advisor here 00:08:07.58000:08:07.590 we have C to cut and C 3 cut and the 00:08:11.03000:08:11.040 photo part is that we need to ensure 00:08:12.89000:08:12.900 that we remove the here it goes the 00:08:15.77000:08:15.780 ethane or the splitter so this the 00:08:17.66000:08:17.670 splitter here we have a thing here we 00:08:21.35000:08:21.360 have double bottom and triple bonded 00:08:24.53000:08:24.540 material so it goes down here to the 00:08:27.23000:08:27.240 acetylene power so here it goes from the 00:08:31.46000:08:31.470 acetylene we separate a settling here 00:08:33.86000:08:33.870 this stripper the recycling will go here 00:08:37.37000:08:37.380 remember that this will be D C 2 00:08:40.55000:08:40.560 material acetylene C triple bond 00:08:44.78000:08:44.790 Evelyn topping still deafening tails 00:08:47.67000:08:47.680 still and then we got the pure ethylene 00:08:50.40000:08:50.410 material this is C double bond remember 00:08:53.73000:08:53.740 that this is the 60% of materials we use 00:08:56.22000:08:56.230 in petrochemicals now let's get back 00:08:59.94000:08:59.950 remember the day at the nicely separated 00:09:02.25000:09:02.260 c2 from c3 cut let's go back and you 00:09:06.18000:09:06.190 will see here that we've got c3 and from 00:09:11.01000:09:11.020 here c3 c4 we got the c4 so we are 00:09:16.59000:09:16.600 mixing these c3 and c4 table tonight sir 00:09:20.52000:09:20.530 it's going to have c4 here this goes c3 00:09:24.42000:09:24.430 cuts deeper pen answer this is going to 00:09:29.31000:09:29.320 have the single bonded three carbon 00:09:33.90000:09:33.910 molecule and you have the propylene here 00:09:36.77000:09:36.780 c3 splitter is going to ensure that 00:09:38.91000:09:38.920 propylene is purified and all the 00:09:40.98000:09:40.990 material is recycled now talking about 00:09:43.56000:09:43.570 c4 it's going to go directly here and 00:09:46.92000:09:46.930 we're going to purify c4 and boot at the 00:09:50.73000:09:50.740 end so these are very important this is 00:09:52.47000:09:52.480 the double bonded technically something 00:09:59.07000:09:59.080 like this the double bonded patanè and 00:10:01.44000:10:01.450 it will be the single bonded would tank 00:10:03.84000:10:03.850 which is what it puts name all the 00:10:06.75000:10:06.760 leftover material will be saturates 00:10:08.72000:10:08.730 steady before c2 c3 and c4 go back 00:10:13.65000:10:13.660 pyrolysis and all these gets recycled 00:10:16.53000:10:16.540 and technically they will be increasing 00:10:18.60000:10:18.610 yield okay this was just an overview 00:10:21.36000:10:21.370 make no worries we're going to see this 00:10:23.01000:10:23.020 part by part actually we're going to 00:10:25.77000:10:25.780 separate this into the hot section 00:10:27.42000:10:27.430 called section and so on okay this is a 00:10:31.14000:10:31.150 cycling sent you got your feed furnace 00:10:33.68000:10:33.690 steam left over material cleaning 00:10:37.41000:10:37.420 compression caustic soda for cleaning 00:10:40.05000:10:40.060 and then you got like gases you got the 00:10:43.74000:10:43.750 secondary method Iser gasoline ethylene 00:10:47.28000:10:47.290 ethane is exactly the same just 00:10:49.59000:10:49.600 different arrangement important part 00:10:52.62000:10:52.630 right here to detect and be sure that 00:10:54.87000:10:54.880 you can separate the 00:10:57.07900:10:57.089 cut section from the cold session okay 00:11:00.76900:11:00.779 so now let's go more technical let's 00:11:03.98000:11:03.990 strip this process and let's see why is 00:11:07.18900:11:07.199 it so interesting and why do we get that 00:11:10.69900:11:10.709 many olivines from it 00:11:15.22000:11:15.230 [Music]
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