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The Laws of Thermodynamics, Entropy, and Gibbs Free Energy

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Language: en

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Professor Dave here, let's learn the laws of thermodynamics
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3 00: 00: 09,820 -> 00: 00: 14,940 The laws of thermodynamics help us understand why energy flows in certain directions and
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In certain ways. Many of the concepts described by thermodynamics appear
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Common sense But there is a layer of mathematics below the level of that intuitive
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It makes them very powerful in describing systems and forecasts. We will not
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We get into math but we should be able to conceptually describe these laws. The
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The first law outlined in the simplest way highlights energy conservation
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Energy is not created or destroyed that only changes forms, from potential energy
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To kinetic energy to heat energy, etc. While we found this to be incorrect
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The quantitative level, for chemists, is okay. Yet there seems to be
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The preferred direction of energy flows from one form to another. salary
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To understand why we look at the second law. The second law introduces a new concept:
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unable to. Entropy is very difficult to understand but we can easily
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Describing entropy as chaos, and the second law states that sum
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entropies of the system and the surrounding areas should always increase. in a
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In other words the entropy or turbulence of the universe is constantly increasing
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Within the system there is also the tendency to go towards the higher entropy. Classic
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The symmetry is that your bedroom is going to end. Time is messy, but it won't happen suddenly
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It becomes clean. Another way of looking at this means that the universe is a measure
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How dispersed system power is among the ways that the system can
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Contains energy. Yet another method is to analogize the entropic states to the computer
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The code. Let's take for example a solid ionic compared to the same substance
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The questioner. It is clear that the solid state is more matter and the liquid state is more than that
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Disturbance, or higher in the universe. To describe a solid state using a computer
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Code you need to include terms
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That describes the geometry of the lattice, the intermolecular distances, and
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The exact composition of each molecule and many other things. But to describe
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The liquid state you'll need to simply describe the fluid's volume
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Ship shape because movement and composition
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The molecules are random. This is much less information that you need coding that is
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Method to rationalize the cause of the entropy of the system
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Thermodynamically favorable. We can look at all kinds of processes to highlight
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Entropic effect. The heat will flow from a hot cup of coffee to the table or
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Hand because heat energy will be more turbulent if more dispersed. this is
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The reason is that the heat automatically flows from hot to cold and not vice versa.
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unable to. The third law states that a crystalline solid is completely in absolute
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Zero has zero entropy as is the most ordered state the substance can
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Be in. The universe is measured in joules in Kelvin. Note that the universe is not
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The energy gauge itself, but how the energy is distributed within the system. This
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It is the enthalpy, the thermodynamic amount we knew beforehand more
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Accurately describe the energy of the system. As we shall see
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Enthalpy and enthalpy complexly relate to tell us something about Gibbs
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Free energy for the system. G, or Gibbs Free Energy tells us if the process will
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Be automatic or not
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Meaning if it will simply happen on a private
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A change in free energy Gibbs is given by this equation which includes the change in
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Enthalpy, entropy and temperature change. If Delta G is negative
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The process is spontaneous, if positive nonspontaneous. So we can use this
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An equation to see how spontaneous a process can be either Antalya or
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Favorable entria or both but not neither one nor the other. For example if Delta H
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Negative which means exothermic
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Strongly favorable, delta S is positive which means an increase in
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Entropy that is also favorable, a negative minus positive will always be
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Negative or spontaneous. If the opposite is true and both of us are unfavorable
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Positive, minus negative, which will always be positive or non-spontaneous. if
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Only one of the two is favorable for us to do some math. If Delta H is positive
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Or endothermic, that vitality can be bypassed by unautvorability
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Another term is if the process is globally favorable, since T is here
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This factor will increase with greater T-entropically favorable processes
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It is likely to be spontaneous at higher temperatures. Conversely if it is
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It is strongly favorable but ineffective innocently enropolis
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Low temperature tolerance will be reduced. This is very
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An important equation to understand describes both spontaneity
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Processes in the universe
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There are those who incorrectly use entropy and the second law of
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Thermodynamics to include this
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It cannot happen spontaneously, but we just showed it to entropically harmless
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Operations can be spontaneous at lower temperatures if they are
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Strongly favorable. An example of this is soap. You need soap to wash
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Non-polar dirt and grime off your hands because they are miscible with the polarity
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Water molecules, but soap molecules have polar and nonpolar heads
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Tails that automatically allow them to form structures called micelles. these
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Are the areas where the soap particles direct themselves with the polar heads
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Facing in order to maximize the dipole ionic interactions with water molecules
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Which brings the system to less energy and will face all non-polar tails
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Trapping dirt by making a network of Van der Waals reactions. The dirt
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Trapped in micelles, wash away because the Mikel as a whole
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Soluble in water, due to the polar heads facing it. This is how soap works
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This is also how highly ordered structures can form on their own if
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Enthalpically favorable or energy storage operations. In this way
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Systems can challenge the universe on a small scale but the second law is true in
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The universe is the universe is always increasing.
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Let's check the understanding
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Thanks for watching guys, subscribe to my channel for more educational programs and as usual
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Feel free to write to me

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