00:00:00.689 titanium as a chemical element with 00:00:02.90900:00:02.919 symbol T and atomic number 22 00:00:05.46000:00:05.470 it is a lustrous transition metal with a 00:00:08.07000:00:08.080 silver color low density and high 00:00:10.14000:00:10.150 strength titanium is resistant to 00:00:12.81000:00:12.820 corrosion in seawater aqua regia and 00:00:15.23900:00:15.249 chlorine titanium was discovered in 00:00:18.30000:00:18.310 Cornwall Great Britain by William Gregor 00:00:20.75900:00:20.769 in 1791 and was named by Martin Heinrich 00:00:23.64000:00:23.650 Clapp Roth after the Titans of Greek 00:00:25.20000:00:25.210 mythology the element occurs within a 00:00:28.16900:00:28.179 number of mineral deposits principally 00:00:30.26900:00:30.279 rutile and ilmenite which are widely 00:00:32.13000:00:32.140 distributed in the Earth's crust and 00:00:33.99000:00:34.000 lithosphere and it is found in almost 00:00:35.70000:00:35.710 all living things water bodies rocks and 00:00:38.37000:00:38.380 soils the metal is extracted from its 00:00:41.19000:00:41.200 principal mineral ores by the Kroll and 00:00:43.02000:00:43.030 Hunter processes the most common 00:00:45.66000:00:45.670 compound titanium dioxide is a popular 00:00:48.54000:00:48.550 photocatalyst and is used in the 00:00:50.28000:00:50.290 manufacture of white pigments other 00:00:52.71000:00:52.720 compounds include titanium tetrachloride 00:00:54.98000:00:54.990 titanium for chloride a component of 00:00:57.63000:00:57.640 smokescreens and catalysts and titanium 00:01:00.18000:01:00.190 trichloride titanium 3 chloride which is 00:01:02.73000:01:02.740 used as a catalyst in the production of 00:01:04.59000:01:04.600 polypropylene titanium can be alloyed 00:01:06.69000:01:06.700 with iron aluminium vanadium and 00:01:08.81900:01:08.829 molybdenum among other elements to 00:01:10.64900:01:10.659 produce strong lightweight alloys for 00:01:12.45000:01:12.460 aerospace jet engines missiles and 00:01:14.91000:01:14.920 spacecraft military industrial processes 00:01:17.96900:01:17.979 chemicals and petrochemicals 00:01:19.24900:01:19.259 desalination plants pulp and paper 00:01:21.83000:01:21.840 automotive agri-food medical prosthesis 00:01:24.77000:01:24.780 orthopedic implants dental and 00:01:26.99900:01:27.009 endodontic instruments and files dental 00:01:29.37000:01:29.380 implants sporting goods jewelry mobile 00:01:32.06900:01:32.079 phones and other applications the two 00:01:34.23000:01:34.240 most useful properties of the metal are 00:01:36.23900:01:36.249 corrosion resistance and strength to 00:01:38.13000:01:38.140 density ratio the highest of any 00:01:39.95900:01:39.969 metallic element in its unalloyed 00:01:42.41900:01:42.429 condition titanium is as strong as some 00:01:44.66900:01:44.679 steels but less dense there are two 00:01:47.39900:01:47.409 allotropic forms and five naturally 00:01:49.62000:01:49.630 occurring isotopes of this element 40 60 00:01:52.34900:01:52.359 through 50 T with 48 T being the most 00:01:54.95900:01:54.969 abundant 00:01:55.66900:01:55.679 73.8% although they have the same number 00:01:59.09900:01:59.109 of valence electrons and are in the same 00:02:00.98900:02:00.999 group in the periodic table titanium and 00:02:03.59900:02:03.609 zirconium differ in many chemical and 00:02:05.66900:02:05.679 physical properties 00:02:11.77000:02:11.780 topic characteristics 00:02:17.20000:02:17.210 you 00:02:20.61000:02:20.620 topic physical properties 00:02:26.20000:02:26.210 as a metal titanium is recognized for 00:02:28.96000:02:28.970 its high strength-to-weight ratio it is 00:02:31.42000:02:31.430 a strong metal with low density that is 00:02:33.61000:02:33.620 quite ductile especially in an 00:02:35.53000:02:35.540 oxygen-free environment lustrous and 00:02:37.63000:02:37.640 metallic white in color the relatively 00:02:40.39000:02:40.400 high melting point more than one 00:02:42.13000:02:42.140 thousand six hundred fifty degrees 00:02:44.02000:02:44.030 Celsius or three thousand degrees 00:02:45.79000:02:45.800 Fahrenheit makes it useful as a 00:02:47.74000:02:47.750 refractory metal it is paramagnetic and 00:02:50.86000:02:50.870 has fairly low electrical and thermal 00:02:52.51000:02:52.520 conductivity commercially pure 00:02:54.55000:02:54.560 ninety-nine point two percent pure 00:02:56.50000:02:56.510 grades of titanium have ultimate tensile 00:02:58.66000:02:58.670 strength of about 434 mega Pascal's 00:03:02.13000:03:02.140 63,000 psi equal to that of common low 00:03:05.32000:03:05.330 grade steel alloys but are less dense 00:03:07.92000:03:07.930 titanium is 60% denser than aluminium 00:03:11.08000:03:11.090 but more than twice as strong as the 00:03:12.79000:03:12.800 most commonly used six-oh six-one t6 00:03:15.52000:03:15.530 aluminium alloy certain titanium alloys 00:03:18.79000:03:18.800 eg beta C achieved tensile strengths of 00:03:21.79000:03:21.800 over 1,400 mega Pascal's 200 thousand 00:03:25.27000:03:25.280 psi 00:03:26.02000:03:26.030 however titanium loses strength when 00:03:28.81000:03:28.820 heated above 430 degrees Celsius 806 00:03:32.38000:03:32.390 degrees Fahrenheit titanium is not as 00:03:34.66000:03:34.670 hard as some grades of heat treated 00:03:36.22000:03:36.230 steel it is non-magnetic and a poor 00:03:38.29000:03:38.300 conductor of heat and electricity 00:03:40.26000:03:40.270 machining requires precautions because 00:03:42.88000:03:42.890 the material can go unless sharp tools 00:03:44.95000:03:44.960 and proper cooling methods are used like 00:03:47.83000:03:47.840 steel structures those made from 00:03:49.48000:03:49.490 titanium have a fatigue limit that 00:03:51.46000:03:51.470 guarantees longevity in some 00:03:53.08000:03:53.090 applications the metal is a dimorphic 00:03:55.21000:03:55.220 allotrope of an hexagonal alpha form 00:03:57.46000:03:57.470 that changes into a body centered cubic 00:03:59.68000:03:59.690 lattice beta form at 882 degrees Celsius 00:04:03.24000:04:03.250 1600 20 degrees Fahrenheit the specific 00:04:06.97000:04:06.980 heat of the alpha form increases 00:04:08.68000:04:08.690 dramatically as it is heated to this 00:04:10.36000:04:10.370 transition temperature but then Falls 00:04:12.40000:04:12.410 and remains fairly constant for the beta 00:04:14.44000:04:14.450 form regardless of temperature 00:04:20.94000:04:20.950 topic chemical properties 00:04:26.06000:04:26.070 like aluminium and magnesium titanium 00:04:28.83000:04:28.840 metal and it's alloys oxidize 00:04:30.96000:04:30.970 immediately upon exposure to air 00:04:33.29000:04:33.300 titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 00:04:36.38000:04:36.390 1,200 degrees Celsius 2,000 190 degrees 00:04:40.38000:04:40.390 Fahrenheit in air and at 610 degrees 00:04:43.02000:04:43.030 Celsius 00:04:44.21000:04:44.220 1130 degrees Fahrenheit in pure oxygen 00:04:46.83000:04:46.840 forming titanium dioxide 00:04:49.20000:04:49.210 it is however slow to react with water 00:04:51.87000:04:51.880 and air at ambient temperatures because 00:04:53.88000:04:53.890 it forms a passive oxide coating that 00:04:55.80000:04:55.810 protects the bulk metal from further 00:04:57.42000:04:57.430 oxidation when it first forms this 00:05:00.24000:05:00.250 protective layer is only one to two 00:05:02.22000:05:02.230 nanometers thick but continues to grow 00:05:04.23000:05:04.240 slowly reaching a thickness of 25 00:05:06.24000:05:06.250 nanometers in four years atmospheric 00:05:08.61000:05:08.620 passivation gives titanium excellent 00:05:10.89000:05:10.900 resistance to corrosion almost 00:05:12.54000:05:12.550 equivalent to platinum titanium is 00:05:15.21000:05:15.220 capable of withstanding attack by dilute 00:05:17.61000:05:17.620 sulfuric and hydrochloric acids chloride 00:05:20.16000:05:20.170 solutions and most organic acids 00:05:22.44000:05:22.450 however titanium is corroded by 00:05:24.99000:05:25.000 concentrated acids as indicated by its 00:05:27.75000:05:27.760 negative redox potential titanium is 00:05:30.18000:05:30.190 thermodynamically a very reactive metal 00:05:32.10000:05:32.110 that burns in normal atmosphere at lower 00:05:34.35000:05:34.360 temperatures than the melting point 00:05:36.17000:05:36.180 melting is possible only in an inert 00:05:38.70000:05:38.710 atmosphere or in a vacuum at 550 degrees 00:05:42.45000:05:42.460 Celsius 1022 degrees Fahrenheit it 00:05:45.60000:05:45.610 combines with chlorine it also reacts 00:05:48.30000:05:48.310 with the other halogens and absorbs 00:05:50.10000:05:50.110 hydrogen titanium is one of the few 00:05:52.29000:05:52.300 elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas 00:05:54.45000:05:54.460 reacting at 800 degrees Celsius 1470 00:05:58.68000:05:58.690 degrees Fahrenheit to form titanium 00:06:00.84000:06:00.850 nitride which causes embrittlement 00:06:02.63000:06:02.640 because of its high reactivity with 00:06:04.98000:06:04.990 oxygen nitrogen and some other gases 00:06:07.20000:06:07.210 titanium filaments are applied in 00:06:09.30000:06:09.310 titanium sublimation pumps as scavengers 00:06:11.43000:06:11.440 for these gases such pumps inexpensively 00:06:14.88000:06:14.890 and reliably produce extremely low 00:06:16.92000:06:16.930 pressures in ultra-high vacuum systems 00:06:23.94000:06:23.950 topic occurrence 00:06:28.96000:06:28.970 titanium is the ninth most abundant 00:06:31.31000:06:31.320 element in Earth's crust 0.63% by mass 00:06:34.70000:06:34.710 and the seventh most abundant metal it 00:06:37.37000:06:37.380 is present as oxides in most igneous 00:06:39.50000:06:39.510 rocks in sediments derived from them in 00:06:41.66000:06:41.670 living things and natural bodies of 00:06:43.70000:06:43.710 water of the 801 types of igneous rocks 00:06:47.00000:06:47.010 analyzed by the United States Geological 00:06:49.07000:06:49.080 Survey 784 contained titanium it's 00:06:53.30000:06:53.310 proportion in soils as approximately 0.5 00:06:56.57000:06:56.580 to 1.5% common titanium containing 00:06:59.84000:06:59.850 minerals are anatase brookite ilmenite 00:07:02.18000:07:02.190 perovskite rutile and type mites phim a 00:07:05.18000:07:05.190 cow g---eight is an extremely rare 00:07:07.46000:07:07.470 mineral consisting of titanium dioxide 00:07:09.44000:07:09.450 of these minerals only rutile and 00:07:12.05000:07:12.060 ilmenite have economic importance yet 00:07:14.33000:07:14.340 even they are difficult to find in high 00:07:15.92000:07:15.930 concentrations about 6.0 and 0.7 million 00:07:20.42000:07:20.430 tons of those minerals were mined in 00:07:22.13000:07:22.140 2011 respectively significant titanium 00:07:25.79000:07:25.800 bearing ilmenite deposits exist in 00:07:27.92000:07:27.930 Western Australia Canada China India 00:07:30.59000:07:30.600 Mozambique New Zealand Norway Sierra 00:07:33.35000:07:33.360 Leone South Africa and Ukraine about 186 00:07:37.70000:07:37.710 thousand tonnes of titanium metal sponge 00:07:39.86000:07:39.870 were produced in 2011 mostly in China 00:07:42.61000:07:42.620 60,000 T Japan 56,000 T Russia 40,000 T 00:07:47.69000:07:47.700 United States 32,000 T in Kazakhstan 00:07:51.17000:07:51.180 20700 t total reserves of titanium are 00:07:55.43000:07:55.440 estimated to exceed 600 million tonnes 00:07:57.86000:07:57.870 the concentration of titanium is about 4 00:08:00.53000:08:00.540 picomolar in the ocean at 100 degrees 00:08:03.53000:08:03.540 Celsius the concentration of titanium in 00:08:06.14000:08:06.150 water is estimated to be less than 10 - 00:08:08.57000:08:08.580 7 M at pH 7 the identity of titanium 00:08:12.26000:08:12.270 species in aqueous solution remains 00:08:14.30000:08:14.310 unknown because of its low solubility 00:08:16.13000:08:16.140 and the lack of sensitive spectroscopic 00:08:18.23000:08:18.240 methods although only the 4 plus 00:08:20.39000:08:20.400 oxidation state is stable in air no 00:08:23.27000:08:23.280 evidence exists for a biological role 00:08:25.49000:08:25.500 although rare organisms are known to 00:08:27.38000:08:27.390 accumulate high concentrations of 00:08:29.18000:08:29.190 titanium titanium is contained in 00:08:31.28000:08:31.290 meteorites and it has been detected in 00:08:33.20000:08:33.210 the Sun and in m-type stars the coolest 00:08:35.42000:08:35.430 type with a surface temperature of 3200 00:08:38.42000:08:38.430 degrees Celsius five thousand seven 00:08:40.43000:08:40.440 hundred ninety degrees Fahrenheit 00:08:42.54000:08:42.550 rocks brought back from the moon during 00:08:44.58000:08:44.590 the Apollo 17 mission are composed of 00:08:46.95000:08:46.960 12.1% titanium four oxide it is also 00:08:50.94000:08:50.950 found in coal ash plants and even the 00:08:53.25000:08:53.260 human body native titanium pure metallic 00:08:56.31000:08:56.320 is very rare 00:09:01.88000:09:01.890 topic isotopes 00:09:06.86900:09:06.879 naturally-occurring titanium is composed 00:09:09.51900:09:09.529 of five stable isotopes 40 60 40 70-48 T 00:09:14.16900:09:14.179 40 90 and 50 T with 48 T being the most 00:09:17.85900:09:17.869 abundant 73.8% natural abundance 11 00:09:22.29900:09:22.309 radioisotopes have been characterized 00:09:24.28000:09:24.290 the most stable being 40 40 with a 00:09:26.73900:09:26.749 half-life of 63 years 45 T one hundred 00:09:30.12900:09:30.139 eighty four point eight minutes 51 T 00:09:32.53000:09:32.540 five point seven six minutes and 52 T 00:09:35.43900:09:35.449 one point seven minutes all the other 00:09:38.19900:09:38.209 radioactive isotopes have half-lives 00:09:39.91000:09:39.920 less than 33 seconds and the majority 00:09:42.72900:09:42.739 less than half a second the isotopes of 00:09:45.03900:09:45.049 titanium range in atomic weight from 00:09:47.34000:09:47.350 39.99 you forty to fifty seven point 00:09:50.85900:09:50.869 nine six six you 58 T the primary decay 00:09:54.60900:09:54.619 mode before the most abundant stable 00:09:56.37900:09:56.389 isotope 48 T is electron capture in the 00:09:59.61900:09:59.629 primary mode after his beta emission the 00:10:02.37900:10:02.389 primary decay products before 48 T or 00:10:05.04900:10:05.059 element 21 scandium isotopes and the 00:10:07.66000:10:07.670 primary products after our element 23 00:10:10.21000:10:10.220 vanadium isotopes titanium becomes 00:10:12.69900:10:12.709 radioactive upon bombardment with 00:10:14.55900:10:14.569 deuterons committing mainly positrons 00:10:16.72000:10:16.730 and hard gamma rays 00:10:22.98000:10:22.990 topic compounds 00:10:26.40000:10:26.41000:10:28.22000:10:28.230 the plus 4 oxidation state dominates 00:10:31.04000:10:31.050 titanium chemistry that compounds in the 00:10:33.41000:10:33.420 plus 3 oxidation state are also common 00:10:35.98000:10:35.990 commonly titanium adopts an octahedral 00:10:39.08000:10:39.090 coordination geometry in its complexes 00:10:41.51000:10:41.520 but tetrahedral titanium for chloride as 00:10:44.00000:10:44.010 a notable exception because of its high 00:10:46.52000:10:46.530 oxidation state titanium IV compounds 00:10:49.49000:10:49.500 exhibit a high degree of covalent 00:10:51.23000:10:51.240 bonding unlike most other transition 00:10:53.90000:10:53.910 metals simple a quote t IV complexes are 00:10:56.93000:10:56.940 unknown 00:11:02.17000:11:02.180 topic oxides sulfides and alkoxides 00:11:09.43000:11:09.440 the most important oxide is titanium for 00:11:12.24900:11:12.259 oxide which exists in three important 00:11:14.55900:11:14.569 polymorphs anatase brookite and rutile 00:11:17.01900:11:17.029 all of these are white diamagnetic 00:11:19.54000:11:19.550 solids although mineral samples can 00:11:21.51900:11:21.529 appear dark see rutile they adopt 00:11:24.18900:11:24.199 polymeric structures in which tea is 00:11:26.17000:11:26.180 surrounded by six oxide ligands that 00:11:28.15000:11:28.160 link to other tea centers the term 00:11:31.03000:11:31.040 titanate usually refers to titanium IV 00:11:33.61000:11:33.620 compounds as represented by barium 00:11:36.10000:11:36.110 titanate barium titanate with a 00:11:38.47000:11:38.480 perovskite structure this material 00:11:40.56900:11:40.579 exhibits piezoelectric properties and is 00:11:42.85000:11:42.860 used as a transducer in the inter 00:11:44.61900:11:44.629 conversion of sound and electricity many 00:11:47.31900:11:47.329 minerals are titanate eg Elma Knight 00:11:49.56900:11:49.579 iron ii titanate star sapphires and 00:11:52.66000:11:52.670 rubies get their asterism star forming 00:11:54.87900:11:54.889 shine from the presence of titanium 00:11:56.82900:11:56.839 dioxide impurities a variety of reduced 00:11:59.31900:11:59.329 oxides sub oxides of titanium are known 00:12:02.11000:12:02.120 mainly reduced stoichiometry of titanium 00:12:04.78000:12:04.790 dioxide obtained by atmospheric plasma 00:12:07.36000:12:07.370 spraying described as a t IV t3 species 00:12:11.01900:12:11.029 is a purple semiconductor produced by 00:12:13.24000:12:13.250 reduction of titanium for oxide with 00:12:15.57900:12:15.589 hydrogen at high temperatures and is 00:12:17.53000:12:17.540 used industrially when surfaces need to 00:12:19.60000:12:19.610 be vapor coated with titanium dioxide it 00:12:22.21000:12:22.220 evaporates as pure tio 00:12:23.80000:12:23.810 whereas titanium for oxide evaporates as 00:12:26.23000:12:26.240 a mixture of oxides and deposits 00:12:28.15000:12:28.160 coatings with variable refractive index 00:12:30.42000:12:30.430 also known as titanium 3 oxide with the 00:12:33.69900:12:33.709 corundum structure in tio with the rock 00:12:35.76900:12:35.779 salt structure although often non 00:12:37.48000:12:37.490 stoichiometric the alkoxides of titanium 00:12:40.17900:12:40.189 IV prepared by reacting titanium 4 00:12:42.73000:12:42.740 chloride with alcohols are colorless 00:12:44.65000:12:44.660 compounds that convert to the dioxide on 00:12:46.99000:12:47.000 reaction with water they are 00:12:48.87900:12:48.889 industrially useful for depositing solid 00:12:51.46000:12:51.470 titanium 4 oxide via the sol-gel process 00:12:54.87000:12:54.880 titanium isopropoxide is used in the 00:12:57.63900:12:57.649 synthesis of chiral organic compounds 00:12:59.92000:12:59.930 via the sharpless epoxidation titanium 00:13:03.28000:13:03.290 forms a variety of sulfides but only 00:13:05.47000:13:05.480 titanium for sulfide has attracted 00:13:07.74900:13:07.759 significant interest it adopts a layered 00:13:10.42000:13:10.430 structure and was used as a cathode in 00:13:12.42900:13:12.439 the development of lithium batteries 00:13:14.24900:13:14.259 because t IV is a hard cation the 00:13:18.54900:13:18.559 sulfides of titanium are unstable and 00:13:20.94900:13:20.959 tend to hydrolyze to the oxide with 00:13:22.74900:13:22.759 release of 00:13:23.29000:13:23.300 hydrogen sulfide 00:13:29.15000:13:29.160 topic nitrides and carbides 00:13:35.05000:13:35.060 titanium nitride tin is a member of a 00:13:37.85000:13:37.860 family of refractory transition metal 00:13:39.95000:13:39.960 nitrides and exhibits properties similar 00:13:42.26000:13:42.270 to both covalent compounds including 00:13:44.24000:13:44.250 thermodynamic stability extreme hardness 00:13:46.58000:13:46.590 thermal electrical conductivity and a 00:13:48.98000:13:48.990 high melting point tin has a hardness 00:13:51.62000:13:51.630 equivalent to sapphire in carborundum 00:13:53.62000:13:53.630 9.0 on the MAS scale and is often used 00:13:56.24000:13:56.250 to coat cutting tools such as drill bits 00:13:58.67000:13:58.680 it is also used as a gold colored 00:14:01.34000:14:01.350 decorative finish and as a barrier metal 00:14:03.26000:14:03.270 in semiconductor fabrication titanium 00:14:06.41000:14:06.420 carbide which is also very hard is found 00:14:08.96000:14:08.970 in cutting tools and coatings 00:14:15.30000:14:15.310 topic halides 00:14:20.26900:14:20.279 titanium tetrachloride titanium IV 00:14:23.04000:14:23.050 chloride titanium for chloride is a 00:14:25.65000:14:25.660 colorless volatile liquid commercial 00:14:27.66000:14:27.670 samples are yellowish that in air 00:14:29.40000:14:29.410 hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of 00:14:31.68000:14:31.690 white clouds via the Kroll process 00:14:34.12900:14:34.139 titanium for chloride is produced in the 00:14:36.75000:14:36.760 conversion of titanium ores - titanium 00:14:38.97000:14:38.980 dioxide eg for use in white paint it is 00:14:42.72000:14:42.730 widely used in organic chemistry as a 00:14:44.93900:14:44.949 Lewis acid for example in the mukaiyama 00:14:47.10000:14:47.110 aldol condensation in the van Arkel 00:14:50.10000:14:50.110 process titanium tetra dyed titanium for 00:14:53.10000:14:53.110 iodide is generated in the production of 00:14:55.47000:14:55.480 high purity titanium metal titanium 3 00:14:58.88900:14:58.899 and titanium 2 also forms stable 00:15:01.41000:15:01.420 chlorides a notable example is titanium 00:15:04.41000:15:04.420 3 chloride titanium 3 chloride which is 00:15:07.31900:15:07.329 used as a catalyst for production of 00:15:09.26900:15:09.279 poly olefins see ziegler-natta catalyst 00:15:11.63900:15:11.649 and a reducing agent in organic 00:15:13.50000:15:13.510 chemistry 00:15:18.91000:15:18.920 topic organometallic complexes 00:15:25.00000:15:25.010 owing to the important role of titanium 00:15:27.63900:15:27.649 compounds as polymerization catalyst 00:15:29.74000:15:29.750 compounds with TC bonds have been 00:15:31.56900:15:31.579 intensively studied the most common 00:15:34.26900:15:34.279 Organa titanium complexes Titanus een 00:15:36.87900:15:36.889 dichloride C 5 H 5 - titanium - chloride 00:15:40.71000:15:40.720 related compounds include thames reagent 00:15:43.62900:15:43.639 and pedis reagent titanium forms 00:15:46.18000:15:46.190 carbonyl complexes eg C 5 H 5 2 t co 2 00:15:55.91000:15:55.920 topic anti-cancer therapy following the 00:16:02.56900:16:02.579 success of platinum-based chemotherapy 00:16:04.53900:16:04.549 titanium IV complexes were among the 00:16:07.40000:16:07.410 first non platinum compounds to be 00:16:09.22900:16:09.239 tested for cancer treatment the 00:16:11.41900:16:11.429 advantage of titanium compounds lies in 00:16:13.87900:16:13.889 their high efficacy and low toxicity in 00:16:16.21000:16:16.220 biological environments hydrolysis leads 00:16:19.36900:16:19.379 to the safe and inert titanium dioxide 00:16:21.81900:16:21.829 despite these advantages the first 00:16:24.13900:16:24.149 candidate compounds failed clinical 00:16:26.17900:16:26.189 trials further development resulted in 00:16:28.69900:16:28.709 the creation of potentially effective 00:16:30.59000:16:30.600 selective and stable titanium based 00:16:32.62900:16:32.639 drugs their mode of action is not yet 00:16:35.50900:16:35.519 well understood 00:16:41.02000:16:41.030 topic history 00:16:46.21000:16:46.220 titanium was discovered in 1791 by the 00:16:49.52000:16:49.530 clergyman and amateur geologist William 00:16:51.98000:16:51.990 Gregor has an inclusion of a mineral in 00:16:54.14000:16:54.150 Cornwall Great Britain gregor recognized 00:16:57.14000:16:57.150 the presence of a new element in 00:16:58.79000:16:58.800 ilmenite when he found black sand by a 00:17:00.74000:17:00.750 stream and noticed the sand was 00:17:02.30000:17:02.310 attracted by a magnet analyzing the sand 00:17:05.24000:17:05.250 he determined the presence of two metal 00:17:07.25000:17:07.260 oxides iron oxide explaining the 00:17:09.59000:17:09.600 attraction to the magnet and forty 5.25% 00:17:12.26000:17:12.270 of a white metallic oxide he could not 00:17:14.81000:17:14.820 identify realizing that the unidentified 00:17:17.38000:17:17.390 oxide contained a metal that did not 00:17:19.73000:17:19.740 match any known element gregor reported 00:17:21.98000:17:21.990 his findings to the Royal Geological 00:17:23.54000:17:23.550 Society of Cornwall and in the German 00:17:26.18000:17:26.190 science journal Krell's annalen around 00:17:28.13000:17:28.140 the same time franz joseph muller von 00:17:30.29000:17:30.300 riken's tyne produced a similar 00:17:32.00000:17:32.010 substance but could not identify it the 00:17:34.70000:17:34.710 oxide was independently rediscovered in 00:17:37.09000:17:37.100 1795 by Prussian chemist Martin Heinrich 00:17:40.07000:17:40.080 Clapp Roth in rutile from BOINC German 00:17:42.32000:17:42.330 name badge moxa a village in Hungary now 00:17:44.81000:17:44.820 badge Nicky in Slovakia Clapp Roth found 00:17:47.78000:17:47.790 that it contained a new element and 00:17:49.28000:17:49.290 named it for the Titans of Greek 00:17:50.48000:17:50.490 mythology after hearing about Gregor's 00:17:53.48000:17:53.490 earlier discovery he obtained a sample 00:17:55.49000:17:55.500 of Menaka Knight and confirmed that it 00:17:57.38000:17:57.390 contained titanium the currently known 00:18:00.17000:18:00.180 processes for extracting titanium from 00:18:02.51000:18:02.520 its various ores are laborious and 00:18:04.43000:18:04.440 costly it is not possible to reduce the 00:18:06.56000:18:06.570 or by heating with carbon as in iron 00:18:08.66000:18:08.670 smelting because titanium combines with 00:18:10.88000:18:10.890 the carbon to produce titanium carbide 00:18:13.03000:18:13.040 pure metallic titanium 99.9% was first 00:18:17.36000:18:17.370 prepared in 1910 by Matthew a hunter at 00:18:20.00000:18:20.010 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute by 00:18:22.10000:18:22.110 heating titanium for chloride with 00:18:23.90000:18:23.910 sodium at 700 to 800 degrees Celsius 00:18:26.51000:18:26.520 under great pressure in a batch process 00:18:28.28000:18:28.290 known as the hunter process titanium 00:18:31.70000:18:31.710 metal was not used outside the 00:18:33.20000:18:33.210 laboratory until 1932 when William 00:18:36.11000:18:36.120 Justin Kroll proved that it can be 00:18:37.79000:18:37.800 produced by reducing titanium 00:18:39.53000:18:39.540 tetrachloride titanium for chloride with 00:18:41.99000:18:42.000 calcium eight years later he refined 00:18:44.63000:18:44.640 this process with magnesium and even 00:18:46.73000:18:46.740 sodium in what became known as the Kroll 00:18:48.62000:18:48.630 process although research continues into 00:18:51.65000:18:51.660 more efficient and cheaper processes eg 00:18:53.80000:18:53.810 FFC Cambridge Armstrong the Kroll 00:18:56.69000:18:56.700 process is still used for commercial 00:18:58.46000:18:58.470 production 00:18:59.87000:18:59.880 titanium of very high purity was made in 00:19:02.51000:19:02.520 small quantities when Anton Edouard van 00:19:04.94000:19:04.950 Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer discovered 00:19:07.31000:19:07.320 the iodide or crystal bar process in 00:19:09.74000:19:09.750 1925 by reacting with iodine and 00:19:12.52900:19:12.539 decomposing the formed vapours over a 00:19:14.33000:19:14.340 hot filament to pure metal in the 1950s 00:19:17.06000:19:17.070 and 1960s the Soviet Union pioneered the 00:19:19.90900:19:19.919 use of titanium in military and 00:19:21.83000:19:21.840 submarine applications alpha class and 00:19:24.14000:19:24.150 Mike class as part of programs related 00:19:26.36000:19:26.370 to the Cold War starting in the early 00:19:28.64000:19:28.650 1950s titanium came into use extensively 00:19:32.12000:19:32.130 in military aviation particularly in 00:19:34.52000:19:34.530 high-performance jets starting with 00:19:36.38000:19:36.390 aircraft such as the f-100 super sabre 00:19:38.63000:19:38.640 and lockheed a-12 and state route 71 00:19:42.31000:19:42.320 recognizing the strategic importance of 00:19:44.65900:19:44.669 titanium the u.s. department of defense 00:19:46.66900:19:46.679 supported early efforts of 00:19:48.47000:19:48.480 commercialization throughout the period 00:19:50.39000:19:50.400 of the Cold War titanium was considered 00:19:52.64000:19:52.650 a strategic material by the US 00:19:54.47000:19:54.480 government and a large stockpile of 00:19:56.27000:19:56.280 titanium sponge was maintained by the 00:19:58.39900:19:58.409 defense national stockpile center which 00:20:00.68000:20:00.690 was finally depleted in the 2000s 00:20:02.89000:20:02.900 according to 2006 data the world's 00:20:05.89900:20:05.909 largest producer Russian based VSM POA 00:20:08.75000:20:08.760 VI SMA was estimated to account for 00:20:11.36000:20:11.370 about 29 percent of the world market 00:20:13.27900:20:13.289 share as of 2015 titanium sponge metal 00:20:17.33000:20:17.340 was produced in six countries China 00:20:19.37000:20:19.380 Japan Russia Kazakhstan the u.s. Ukraine 00:20:22.85000:20:22.860 and India in order of output in 2006 the 00:20:26.14900:20:26.159 US Defense Advanced Research Projects 00:20:28.49000:20:28.500 Agency DARPA awarded 5.7 million dollars 00:20:31.73000:20:31.740 to a two company consortium to develop a 00:20:33.95000:20:33.960 new process for making titanium metal 00:20:36.08000:20:36.090 powder under heat and pressure the 00:20:38.75000:20:38.760 powder can be used to create strong 00:20:40.49000:20:40.500 lightweight items ranging from armor 00:20:42.40900:20:42.419 plating to components for the aerospace 00:20:44.16900:20:44.179 transport and chemical processing 00:20:46.43000:20:46.440 industries 00:20:52.08000:20:52.090 topic production and fabrication 00:20:58.16000:20:58.170 the processing of titanium metal occurs 00:21:00.83000:21:00.840 in four major steps reduction of 00:21:02.87000:21:02.880 titanium or inta sponge a porous form 00:21:06.29000:21:06.300 melting of sponge or sponge plus a 00:21:08.57000:21:08.580 master alloy to form an ingot primary 00:21:10.82000:21:10.830 fabrication where an ingot is converted 00:21:13.04000:21:13.050 into general milk products such as 00:21:14.66000:21:14.670 billet dar plate sheet strip and tube 00:21:17.54000:21:17.550 and secondary fabrication of finished 00:21:19.70000:21:19.710 shapes from mill products because it 00:21:22.52000:21:22.530 cannot be readily produced by reduction 00:21:24.56000:21:24.570 of its dioxide titanium metal is 00:21:26.72000:21:26.730 obtained by reduction of titanium for 00:21:28.85000:21:28.860 chloride with magnesium metal in the 00:21:30.83000:21:30.840 Kroll process the complexity of this 00:21:33.53000:21:33.540 batch production in the Kroll process 00:21:35.14000:21:35.150 explains the relatively high market 00:21:37.58000:21:37.590 value of titanium despite the Kroll 00:21:39.56000:21:39.570 process being less expensive than the 00:21:41.51000:21:41.520 hunter process to produce the titanium 00:21:44.45000:21:44.460 for chloride required by the Kroll 00:21:46.31000:21:46.320 process the dioxide is subjected to 00:21:48.53000:21:48.540 carbothermic reduction in the presence 00:21:50.33000:21:50.340 of chlorine in this process the chlorine 00:21:53.33000:21:53.340 gas has passed over a red hot mixture of 00:21:55.55000:21:55.560 rutile or ilmenite in the presence of 00:21:57.50000:21:57.510 carbon after extensive purification by 00:22:00.56000:22:00.570 fractional distillation the titanium for 00:22:02.87000:22:02.880 chloride is reduced with 800 degrees 00:22:05.03000:22:05.040 Celsius molten magnesium in an argon 00:22:07.31000:22:07.320 atmosphere titanium metal can be further 00:22:10.28000:22:10.290 purified by the van Arkel de Bourgh 00:22:12.23000:22:12.240 process which involves thermal 00:22:13.88000:22:13.890 decomposition of titanium tetra dyed a 00:22:16.60000:22:16.610 more recently developed batch production 00:22:19.49000:22:19.500 method the FFC cambridge process 00:22:21.68000:22:21.690 consumes titanium dioxide powder a 00:22:24.23000:22:24.240 refined form of rutile as feedstock and 00:22:26.90000:22:26.910 produces titanium metal either powder or 00:22:29.24000:22:29.250 sponge the process involves fewer steps 00:22:32.24000:22:32.250 than the Kroll process and takes less 00:22:34.22000:22:34.230 time if mixed oxide powders are used the 00:22:37.40000:22:37.410 product as an alloy common titanium 00:22:40.52000:22:40.530 alloys are made by reduction for example 00:22:43.16000:22:43.170 Cupra titanium rutile with copper added 00:22:45.80000:22:45.810 as reduced Ferro carbon titanium 00:22:47.72000:22:47.730 ilmenite reduced with coke in an 00:22:49.49000:22:49.500 electric furnace and manga no titanium 00:22:51.56000:22:51.570 rutile with manganese or manganese 00:22:53.30000:22:53.310 oxides are reduced to iron two titanate 00:22:57.11000:22:57.120 +7 CL 2 + 6 C - titanium 4 chloride plus 00:23:02.21000:23:02.220 2 iron 3 chloride plus 6 Co 900 degrees 00:23:05.99000:23:06.00000:23:07.30000:23:07.310 titanium 4 chloride plus 2 mega grams - 00:23:10.88000:23:10.890 magnesium claw 00:23:11.93000:23:11.940 ride Ploesti 1,100 degrees Celsius about 00:23:15.44000:23:15.450 50 grades of titanium and titanium 00:23:17.21000:23:17.220 alloys are designed and currently used 00:23:19.78900:23:19.799 although only a couple of dozen are 00:23:21.59000:23:21.600 readily available commercially the ASTM 00:23:24.56000:23:24.570 International recognizes 31 grades of 00:23:27.25900:23:27.269 titanium metal and alloys of which 00:23:29.33000:23:29.340 grades 1 through 4 are commercially pure 00:23:31.66900:23:31.679 unalloyed those for very intense I'll 00:23:34.66900:23:34.679 strength is a function of oxygen content 00:23:36.68000:23:36.690 with grade 1 being the most ductile 00:23:38.86900:23:38.879 lowest tensile strength with an oxygen 00:23:41.18000:23:41.190 content of 0.18 percent and grade 4 the 00:23:44.38900:23:44.399 least ductile highest tensile strength 00:23:46.58000:23:46.590 with an oxygen content of 0.40 percent 00:23:49.53900:23:49.549 the remaining grades our alloys each 00:23:52.24900:23:52.259 designed for specific properties of 00:23:54.32000:23:54.330 ductility strength hardness electrical 00:23:56.89900:23:56.909 resistivity creep resistance specific 00:23:59.41900:23:59.429 corrosion resistance and combinations 00:24:01.49000:24:01.500 thereof in addition to the ASTM 00:24:03.40900:24:03.419 specifications titanium alloys are also 00:24:05.93000:24:05.940 produced to meet aerospace and military 00:24:08.35000:24:08.360 specifications say Ms Milty iso 00:24:11.38900:24:11.399 standards and country specific 00:24:13.15900:24:13.169 specifications as well as proprietary 00:24:15.11000:24:15.120 end-user specifications for aerospace 00:24:17.48000:24:17.490 military medical and industrial 00:24:19.72000:24:19.730 applications titanium powder is 00:24:22.10000:24:22.110 manufactured using a flow production 00:24:24.11000:24:24.120 process known as the Armstrong process 00:24:26.26900:24:26.279 that is similar to the batch production 00:24:27.74000:24:27.750 hunter process a stream of titanium 00:24:30.95000:24:30.960 tetrachloride gas has added to a stream 00:24:33.20000:24:33.210 of molten sodium metal the products 00:24:35.21000:24:35.220 sodium chloride salt and titanium 00:24:37.31000:24:37.320 particles is filtered from the extra 00:24:39.25900:24:39.269 sodium titanium is then separated from 00:24:42.16900:24:42.179 the salt by water washing both sodium 00:24:44.69000:24:44.700 and chlorine are recycled to produce and 00:24:46.90900:24:46.919 process more titanium tetrachloride all 00:24:49.36900:24:49.379 welding of titanium must be done in an 00:24:51.56000:24:51.570 inert atmosphere of argon or helium to 00:24:53.89900:24:53.909 shield it from contamination with 00:24:55.46000:24:55.470 atmospheric gases oxygen nitrogen and 00:24:58.19000:24:58.200 hydrogen contamination causes a variety 00:25:01.19000:25:01.200 of conditions such as embrittlement 00:25:03.32000:25:03.330 which reduced the integrity of the 00:25:05.02900:25:05.039 assembly welds and lead to joint failure 00:25:07.77900:25:07.789 commercially pure flat product sheet 00:25:10.19000:25:10.200 plate can be formed readily but 00:25:11.96000:25:11.970 processing must take into account the 00:25:13.73000:25:13.740 fact that the metal has a memory and 00:25:16.03900:25:16.049 tends to spring back this is especially 00:25:18.83000:25:18.840 true of certain high-strength alloys 00:25:20.62900:25:20.639 titanium cannot be soldered without 00:25:23.45000:25:23.460 first pre plating it in a metal that is 00:25:25.34000:25:25.350 solder 00:25:26.24000:25:26.250 the metal can be machined with the same 00:25:28.31000:25:28.320 equipment and the same process as a 00:25:30.11000:25:30.120 stainless steel 00:25:36.06000:25:36.070 topic applications 00:25:41.65000:25:41.660 titanium is used in steel as an alloying 00:25:44.24000:25:44.250 element ferrotitanium to reduce grain 00:25:46.61000:25:46.620 size and as a deoxidizer an in stainless 00:25:49.22000:25:49.230 steel to reduce carbon content titanium 00:25:52.31000:25:52.320 is often alloyed with aluminium to 00:25:54.11000:25:54.120 refine grain size vanadium copper to 00:25:56.51000:25:56.520 harden iron manganese molybdenum and 00:25:58.85000:25:58.860 other metals titanium milk products 00:26:01.61000:26:01.620 sheet plate bar wire forgings castings 00:26:05.03000:26:05.040 find application in industrial aerospace 00:26:07.64000:26:07.650 recreational and emerging markets 00:26:09.94000:26:09.950 powdered titanium is used in 00:26:12.20000:26:12.210 pyrotechnics as a source of bright 00:26:14.06000:26:14.070 burning particles 00:26:19.87000:26:19.880 topic pigments additives and coatings 00:26:26.45000:26:26.460 about 95% of all titanium or as destined 00:26:30.20000:26:30.210 for refinement into titanium dioxide 00:26:32.17000:26:32.180 titanium for oxide an intensely white 00:26:35.00000:26:35.010 permanent pigment used in paints paper 00:26:37.16000:26:37.170 toothpaste and plastics it is also used 00:26:40.58000:26:40.590 in cement in gemstones as an optical 00:26:42.86000:26:42.870 opacifier in paper and a strengthening 00:26:45.05000:26:45.060 agent in graphite composite fishing rods 00:26:47.39000:26:47.400 and golf clubs titanium for oxide powder 00:26:51.20000:26:51.210 as chemically inert resists fading and 00:26:53.51000:26:53.520 sunlight and is very opaque it imparts a 00:26:55.88000:26:55.890 pure and brilliant white color to the 00:26:57.62000:26:57.630 brown or grey chemicals that form the 00:26:59.42000:26:59.430 majority of household plastics in nature 00:27:02.42000:27:02.430 this compound is found in the minerals 00:27:04.31000:27:04.320 anatase Brook height and rutile paint 00:27:07.22000:27:07.230 made with titanium dioxide does well in 00:27:09.59000:27:09.600 severe temperatures and marine 00:27:11.03000:27:11.040 environments pure titanium dioxide has a 00:27:14.45000:27:14.460 very high index of refraction and an 00:27:16.49000:27:16.500 optical dispersion higher than diamond 00:27:18.38000:27:18.390 in addition to being a very important 00:27:21.02000:27:21.030 pigment titanium dioxide is also used in 00:27:23.75000:27:23.760 sunscreens 00:27:29.31000:27:29.320 topic aerospace and marine 00:27:34.88000:27:34.890 because titanium alloys have high 00:27:37.13000:27:37.140 tensile strength to density ratio high 00:27:39.62000:27:39.630 corrosion resistance fatigue resistance 00:27:41.81000:27:41.820 high crack resistance and ability to 00:27:43.94000:27:43.950 withstand moderately high temperatures 00:27:45.83000:27:45.840 without creeping they are used in 00:27:47.41900:27:47.429 aircraft armour plating naval ships 00:27:49.58000:27:49.590 spacecraft and missiles for these 00:27:52.28000:27:52.290 applications titanium is alloyed with 00:27:54.38000:27:54.390 aluminium zirconium nickel vanadium and 00:27:57.28900:27:57.299 other elements to manufacture a variety 00:27:59.15000:27:59.160 of components including critical 00:28:01.10000:28:01.110 structural parts fire walls landing gear 00:28:03.65000:28:03.660 exhaust ducts helicopters and hydraulic 00:28:06.32000:28:06.330 systems in fact about two-thirds of all 00:28:09.28900:28:09.299 titanium metal produced is used in 00:28:11.45000:28:11.460 aircraft engines and frames the titanium 00:28:14.53900:28:14.549 6a l4v alloy accounts for almost 50% of 00:28:18.32000:28:18.330 all alloys used in aircraft applications 00:28:20.12000:28:20.130 the lockheed a-12 in its development the 00:28:23.40900:28:23.419 sr-71 blackbird were two of the first 00:28:26.60000:28:26.610 aircraft frames where titanium was used 00:28:29.29900:28:29.309 paving the way for much wider use in 00:28:31.37000:28:31.380 modern military and commercial aircraft 00:28:33.16900:28:33.179 an estimated 59 metric tons 130,000 00:28:37.78900:28:37.799 pounds are used in the Boeing 777 45 in 00:28:41.29900:28:41.309 the Boeing 747 18 in the Boeing 737 32 00:28:45.59000:28:45.600 in the Airbus a340 18 in the Airbus a330 00:28:48.98000:28:48.990 and 12 in the Airbus a320 the Airbus 00:28:52.46000:28:52.470 a380 may use 77 metric tons including 00:28:55.88000:28:55.890 about 11 tons in the engines in aero 00:28:58.70000:28:58.710 engine applications titanium is used for 00:29:01.31000:29:01.320 rotors compressor blades hydraulic 00:29:03.44000:29:03.450 system components and nacelles and early 00:29:06.38000:29:06.390 use in jet engines was for the Orenda 00:29:08.33000:29:08.340 Iroquois in the 1950s because titanium 00:29:11.24000:29:11.250 is resistant to corrosion by sea water 00:29:13.19000:29:13.200 it is used to make propeller shafts 00:29:15.28900:29:15.299 rigging and heat exchangers in 00:29:16.88000:29:16.890 desalination plants heater chillers for 00:29:19.34000:29:19.350 saltwater aquariums fishing line and 00:29:21.32000:29:21.330 leader and divers knives titanium is 00:29:24.53000:29:24.540 used in the housings and components of 00:29:26.39000:29:26.400 ocean deployed surveillance and 00:29:28.03900:29:28.049 monitoring devices for Science in the 00:29:29.99000:29:30.000 military the former Soviet Union 00:29:32.36000:29:32.370 developed techniques for making 00:29:34.22000:29:34.230 submarines with hulls of titanium alloys 00:29:36.47000:29:36.480 forging titanium in huge vacuum tubes 00:29:38.93000:29:38.940 titanium is used in the walls of the 00:29:41.00000:29:41.010 Juno spacecraft small to shield onboard 00:29:43.22000:29:43.230 electronics 00:29:48.79000:29:48.800 topic industrial welded titanium pipe 00:29:55.51000:29:55.520 and process equipment heat exchangers 00:29:57.76000:29:57.770 tanks process vessels valves are used in 00:30:00.58000:30:00.590 the chemical and petrochemical 00:30:01.45000:30:01.460 industries primarily for corrosion 00:30:03.97000:30:03.980 resistance specific alloys are used in 00:30:07.00000:30:07.010 oil and gas 00:30:07.78000:30:07.790 donal applications and nickel 00:30:09.49000:30:09.500 hydrometallurgy for their high strength 00:30:11.32000:30:11.330 e.g titanium beta c alloy corrosion 00:30:14.62000:30:14.630 resistance or both the pulp and paper 00:30:17.20000:30:17.210 industry uses titanium in process 00:30:19.78000:30:19.790 equipment exposed to corrosive media 00:30:21.91000:30:21.920 such as sodium hypochlorite or wet 00:30:24.10000:30:24.110 chlorine gas in the Bleacher ii other 00:30:26.59000:30:26.600 applications include ultrasonic welding 00:30:29.02000:30:29.030 wave soldering and sputtering targets 00:30:31.21000:30:31.220 titanium tetrachloride titanium for 00:30:33.64000:30:33.650 chloride a colorless liquid is important 00:30:36.10000:30:36.110 as an intermediate in the process of 00:30:37.87000:30:37.880 making titanium for oxide and is also 00:30:40.12000:30:40.130 used to produce the ziegler-natta 00:30:41.74000:30:41.750 catalyst titanium tetrachloride is also 00:30:45.19000:30:45.200 used to irid eyes glass and because it 00:30:47.20000:30:47.210 fumes strongly in moist air it is used 00:30:49.33000:30:49.340 to make smoke screens 00:30:55.31000:30:55.320 topic consumer and architectural 00:31:01.37000:31:01.380 titanium metal is used in automotive 00:31:03.72000:31:03.730 applications particularly in automobile 00:31:06.30000:31:06.310 and motorcycle racing where low weight 00:31:08.34000:31:08.350 and high strength and rigidity are 00:31:09.96000:31:09.970 critical the metal is generally too 00:31:12.51000:31:12.520 expensive for the general consumer 00:31:14.19000:31:14.200 market though some late-model Corvettes 00:31:16.20000:31:16.210 have been manufactured with titanium 00:31:17.88000:31:17.890 exhausts and a Corvette zo6 SLT for 00:31:21.39000:31:21.400 supercharged engine uses lightweight 00:31:23.40000:31:23.410 solid titanium intake valves for greater 00:31:25.80000:31:25.810 strength and resistance to heat titanium 00:31:28.14000:31:28.150 is used in many sporting goods tennis 00:31:30.24000:31:30.250 racquets golf clubs lacrosse stick 00:31:32.49000:31:32.500 shafts cricket hockey lacrosse and 00:31:34.86000:31:34.870 football helmet grills and bicycle 00:31:36.99000:31:37.000 frames and components although not a 00:31:39.39000:31:39.400 mainstream material for bicycle 00:31:41.31000:31:41.320 production titanium bikes have been used 00:31:43.53000:31:43.540 by racing teams and adventure cyclists 00:31:45.84000:31:45.850 titanium alloys are used in spectacle 00:31:48.24000:31:48.250 frames that are rather expensive but 00:31:50.13000:31:50.140 highly durable long-lasting lightweight 00:31:52.32000:31:52.330 and cause no skin allergies many 00:31:54.90000:31:54.910 backpackers use titanium equipment 00:31:57.09000:31:57.100 including cookware eating utensils 00:31:59.25000:31:59.260 lanterns and tent stakes those slightly 00:32:02.13000:32:02.140 more expensive than traditional steel or 00:32:04.41000:32:04.420 aluminium alternatives titanium products 00:32:07.02000:32:07.030 can be significantly lighter without 00:32:08.52000:32:08.530 compromising strength titanium 00:32:11.19000:32:11.200 horseshoes are preferred to steal by 00:32:12.96000:32:12.970 farriers because they're lighter and 00:32:14.61000:32:14.620 more durable titanium has occasionally 00:32:17.82000:32:17.830 been used in architecture the forty two 00:32:20.22000:32:20.230 point five meters 139 feet monument to 00:32:23.43000:32:23.440 Yuri Gagarin the first man to travel in 00:32:25.71000:32:25.720 space 55 degrees 42 minutes twenty nine 00:32:28.89000:32:28.900 point seven seconds north 37 degrees 34 00:32:32.34000:32:32.350 minutes fifty-seven point two seconds 00:32:34.50000:32:34.510 east as well as the 110 meters 360 feet 00:32:38.04000:32:38.050 monument to the conquerors of space on 00:32:39.99000:32:40.000 top of the cosmonaut Museum in Moscow 00:32:42.15000:32:42.160 are made of titanium for the metals 00:32:43.83000:32:43.840 attractive color and association with 00:32:45.78000:32:45.790 rocketry the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao 00:32:48.69000:32:48.700 and the Cerritos millennium library were 00:32:50.91000:32:50.920 the first buildings in Europe and North 00:32:52.65000:32:52.660 America respectively to be shaved in 00:32:54.90000:32:54.910 titanium panels titanium sheathing was 00:32:57.96000:32:57.970 used in the Frederick C hamilton 00:32:59.67000:32:59.680 building in Denver Colorado because of 00:33:01.77000:33:01.780 titanium superior strength and light 00:33:03.78000:33:03.790 weight relative to other metals steel 00:33:05.76000:33:05.770 stainless steel and aluminium and 00:33:07.80000:33:07.810 because of recent advances in 00:33:09.33000:33:09.340 metalworking techniques its use has 00:33:11.13000:33:11.140 become more widespread in the 00:33:12.66000:33:12.670 manufacture of firearms 00:33:14.52900:33:14.539 primary uses include pistol frames and 00:33:17.28900:33:17.299 revolver cylinders for the same reasons 00:33:19.65900:33:19.669 it is used in the body of laptop 00:33:21.51900:33:21.529 computers for example in Apple's power 00:33:23.70900:33:23.719 book line some upmarket lightweight and 00:33:25.89900:33:25.909 corrosion resistant tools such as 00:33:27.75900:33:27.769 shovels and flashlights are made of 00:33:29.68000:33:29.690 titanium or titanium alloys 00:33:36.37000:33:36.380 topic jewelry 00:33:41.24000:33:41.250 because of its durability titanium has 00:33:43.90900:33:43.919 become more popular for designer jewelry 00:33:46.15900:33:46.169 particularly titanium rings its 00:33:48.95000:33:48.960 inertness makes it a good choice for 00:33:50.57000:33:50.580 those with allergies or those who will 00:33:52.43000:33:52.440 be wearing the jewelry in environments 00:33:54.32000:33:54.330 such as swimming pools titanium is also 00:33:57.47000:33:57.480 alloyed with gold to produce an alloy 00:33:59.27000:33:59.280 that can be marketed as 24 karat gold 00:34:01.52000:34:01.530 because the 1% of alloy t is 00:34:03.56000:34:03.570 insufficient to require a lesser mark 00:34:05.51000:34:05.520 the resulting alloy is roughly the 00:34:08.14900:34:08.159 hardness of 14-karat gold and is more 00:34:10.39900:34:10.409 durable than pure 24 karat gold 00:34:12.33900:34:12.349 Titanium's durability lightweight and 00:34:14.78000:34:14.790 dentin corrosion resistance make it 00:34:16.70000:34:16.710 useful for watch cases some artists work 00:34:19.70000:34:19.710 with titanium to produce sculptures 00:34:21.61900:34:21.629 decorative objects and furniture 00:34:23.29000:34:23.300 titanium may be anodized to vary the 00:34:25.70000:34:25.710 thickness of the surface oxide layer 00:34:27.40900:34:27.419 causing optical interference fringes in 00:34:29.72000:34:29.730 a variety of bright colors with 00:34:32.06000:34:32.070 discoloration and chemical inertness 00:34:33.82000:34:33.830 titanium as a popular metal for body 00:34:36.34900:34:36.359 piercing titanium has a minor use in 00:34:38.83900:34:38.849 dedicated non-circulating coins and 00:34:40.94000:34:40.950 medals in 1999 Gibraltar released 00:34:44.27000:34:44.280 world's first titanium coin for the 00:34:46.19000:34:46.200 millennium celebration the Gold Coast 00:34:48.74000:34:48.750 Titans an Australian rugby league team 00:34:50.93000:34:50.940 award a medal of pure titanium to their 00:34:53.18000:34:53.190 Player of the Year 00:34:58.79000:34:58.800 topic medical 00:35:03.59000:35:03.600 because titanium is biocompatible 00:35:06.11000:35:06.120 non-toxic and not rejected by the body 00:35:08.30000:35:08.310 it has many medical uses including 00:35:10.67000:35:10.680 surgical implements and implants such as 00:35:13.04000:35:13.050 hip balls and sockets joint replacement 00:35:15.29000:35:15.300 and dental implants that can stay in 00:35:17.00000:35:17.010 place for up to 20 years the titanium is 00:35:20.18000:35:20.190 often alloyed with about 4% aluminium or 00:35:22.82000:35:22.830 6% al and 4% vanadium titanium has the 00:35:27.32000:35:27.330 inherent ability to Accio integrate 00:35:29.33000:35:29.340 enabling use in dental implants that can 00:35:31.64000:35:31.650 last for over thirty years 00:35:33.17000:35:33.180 this property is also useful for 00:35:35.66000:35:35.670 orthopedic implant applications these 00:35:38.27000:35:38.280 benefit from Titanium's lower modulus of 00:35:40.79000:35:40.800 elasticity Young's modulus to more 00:35:42.95000:35:42.960 closely match that of the bone that such 00:35:44.90000:35:44.910 devices are intended to repair as a 00:35:47.42000:35:47.430 result skeletal loads are more evenly 00:35:49.70000:35:49.710 shared between bone and implant leading 00:35:51.89000:35:51.900 to a lower incidence of bone degradation 00:35:53.51000:35:53.520 due to stress shielding and pair of 00:35:55.70000:35:55.710 prosthetic bone fractures which occur at 00:35:57.62000:35:57.630 the boundaries of orthopedic implants 00:35:59.75000:35:59.760 however titanium alloys stiffness is 00:36:02.69000:36:02.700 still more than twice that of bone so 00:36:04.67000:36:04.680 adjacent bone bears a greatly reduced 00:36:06.74000:36:06.750 load and may deteriorate because 00:36:08.45000:36:08.460 titanium is non ferromagnetic patients 00:36:11.12000:36:11.130 with titanium implants can be safely 00:36:13.07000:36:13.080 examined with magnetic resonance imaging 00:36:15.26000:36:15.270 convenient for long-term implants 00:36:17.26000:36:17.270 preparing titanium for implantation in 00:36:20.03000:36:20.040 the body involves subjecting it to a 00:36:21.89000:36:21.900 high temperature plasma arc which 00:36:23.78000:36:23.790 removes the surface atoms exposing fresh 00:36:26.15000:36:26.160 titanium that is instantly oxidized 00:36:28.19000:36:28.200 titanium is used for the surgical 00:36:30.14000:36:30.150 instruments used in image guided surgery 00:36:32.33000:36:32.340 as well as wheelchairs crutches and any 00:36:34.91000:36:34.920 other products where high strength and 00:36:36.74000:36:36.750 low weight are desirable titanium 00:36:39.68000:36:39.690 dioxide nanoparticles are widely used in 00:36:42.29000:36:42.300 electronics and the delivery of 00:36:43.91000:36:43.920 pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 00:36:50.46000:36:50.470 topic nuclear waste storage 00:36:56.17000:36:56.180 because of it is corrosion resistance 00:36:58.48000:36:58.490 containers made of titanium have been 00:37:00.49000:37:00.500 studied for the long-term storage of 00:37:02.14000:37:02.150 nuclear waste containers lasting more 00:37:05.10900:37:05.119 than 100,000 years are thought possible 00:37:07.42000:37:07.430 with manufacturing conditions that 00:37:09.19000:37:09.200 minimize material defects a titanium 00:37:12.09900:37:12.109 drip shield could also be installed over 00:37:15.22000:37:15.230 containers of other types to enhance 00:37:17.20000:37:17.210 their longevity 00:37:23.09000:37:23.100 topic bioremediation 00:37:28.72000:37:28.730 the fungal species Mraz Mia so reads and 00:37:31.54000:37:31.550 - omec aptoide scan bio convert titanium 00:37:34.21000:37:34.220 in titanium polluted soils 00:37:41.04000:37:41.050 topic precautions 00:37:46.44900:37:46.459 titanium is non-toxic even in large 00:37:49.00900:37:49.019 doses and does not play any natural role 00:37:51.25900:37:51.269 inside the human body an estimated 00:37:54.04900:37:54.059 quantity of 0.8 milligrams of titanium 00:37:57.01900:37:57.029 as ingested by humans each day but most 00:37:59.32900:37:59.339 passes through without being absorbed in 00:38:01.24900:38:01.259 the tissues it does however sometimes 00:38:03.82900:38:03.839 bio accumulate in tissues that contain 00:38:06.19900:38:06.209 silica one study indicates a possible 00:38:09.01900:38:09.029 connection between titanium and yellow 00:38:11.26900:38:11.279 nail syndrome an unknown mechanism in 00:38:14.08900:38:14.099 plants may use titanium to stimulate the 00:38:16.33900:38:16.349 production of carbohydrates and 00:38:18.01900:38:18.029 encourage growth this may explain why 00:38:20.47900:38:20.489 most plants contain about one part per 00:38:22.69900:38:22.709 million ppm of titanium food plants have 00:38:25.67000:38:25.680 about 2 ppm and horsetail and nettle 00:38:28.16000:38:28.170 contain up to 80 ppm as a powder or in 00:38:30.92000:38:30.930 the form of metal shavings titanium 00:38:32.98900:38:32.999 metal poses a significant fire hazard 00:38:35.23900:38:35.249 and when heated in air an explosion 00:38:37.06900:38:37.079 hazard water and carbon dioxide are 00:38:40.03900:38:40.049 ineffective for extinguishing a titanium 00:38:41.98900:38:41.999 fire Class D dry powder agents must be 00:38:44.83900:38:44.849 used instead when used in the production 00:38:46.51900:38:46.529 or handling of chlorine titanium should 00:38:48.89000:38:48.900 not be exposed to dry chlorine gas 00:38:50.71900:38:50.729 because it may result in a titanium 00:38:52.54900:38:52.559 chlorine fire even wet chlorine presents 00:38:55.75900:38:55.769 a fire hazard when extreme weather 00:38:57.41000:38:57.420 conditions cause unexpected drying 00:39:00.18900:39:00.199 titanium can catch fire when a fresh non 00:39:02.95900:39:02.969 oxidized surface comes in contact with 00:39:05.15000:39:05.160 liquid oxygen fresh metal may be exposed 00:39:08.26900:39:08.279 when the oxidized surface is struck or 00:39:10.43000:39:10.440 scratched with a hard object or when 00:39:12.25900:39:12.269 mechanical strain causes a crack this 00:39:14.95900:39:14.969 poses a limitation to its use in liquid 00:39:17.39000:39:17.400 oxygen systems such as those in the 00:39:19.45900:39:19.469 aerospace industry because titanium 00:39:22.24900:39:22.259 tubing impurities can cause fires when 00:39:24.41000:39:24.420 exposed to oxygen titanium is prohibited 00:39:27.10900:39:27.119 in gaseous oxygen respiration systems 00:39:29.55900:39:29.569 steel tubing is used for high pressure 00:39:32.08900:39:32.099 systems 3,000 psi and aluminium tubing 00:39:35.80900:39:35.819 for low pressure systems 00:39:38.53000:39:38.540 equals equals see also
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Engineering company LOTUS®
Russia, Ekaterinburg, Lunacharskogo street, 240/12