/ News & Press / Video / √ Ethylene and Petrochemicals _ Production of Materials _ Chemistry-

√ Ethylene and Petrochemicals _ Production of Materials _ Chemistry-

WEBVTT
Kind: captions
Language: en

00:00:08.870
every one today we continue our
00:00:11.089 00:00:11.099 discussion on the production of
00:00:12.709 00:00:12.719 materials with our third topic ethylene
00:00:15.589 00:00:15.599 and petrochemicals now if you remember
00:00:18.019 00:00:18.029 our first two topics covered petroleum
00:00:20.269 00:00:20.279 refining and ethylene production here
00:00:23.779 00:00:23.789 we've got a model of an ethylene
00:00:25.519 00:00:25.529 molecule and I'll just draw the
00:00:27.890 00:00:27.900 structure of ethylene as you can see in
00:00:31.099 00:00:31.109 the model we have a double bond in
00:00:33.410 00:00:33.420 between two carbon atoms and we have
00:00:36.080 00:00:36.090 four hydrogen atoms on the outside and
00:00:38.990 00:00:39.000 when we draw models like this we in
00:00:41.750 00:00:41.760 carbon chemistry we always have carbons
00:00:44.840 00:00:44.850 in black and hydrogen's in white so
00:00:49.520 00:00:49.530 let's look at the reactivity of alkenes
00:00:51.970 00:00:51.980 now our Keens are very useful as raw
00:00:54.830 00:00:54.840 materials to make different
00:00:56.389 00:00:56.399 petrochemicals for different uses now
00:01:00.639 00:01:00.649 because this molecule has a double bond
00:01:03.229 00:01:03.239 it's relatively more reactive than
00:01:04.939 00:01:04.949 alkanes so what's happening is across
00:01:08.660 00:01:08.670 this double bond there's a concentration
00:01:10.520 00:01:10.530 of negative electrostatic charge which
00:01:13.580 00:01:13.590 is susceptible to oxidizes so this
00:01:17.030 00:01:17.040 double bond can be broken and new
00:01:18.800 00:01:18.810 molecules can be formed so starting with
00:01:22.999 00:01:23.009 ethylene which is the first in the
00:01:25.429 00:01:25.439 series of alkenes because it only has
00:01:27.980 00:01:27.990 two carbon bonds we're going to
00:01:29.719 00:01:29.729 concentrate on ethylene because it's the
00:01:31.640 00:01:31.650 simplest but just remember for all other
00:01:34.310 00:01:34.320 alkenes similar reactions will occur
00:01:38.289 00:01:38.299 now ethylene is widely used for the
00:01:41.090 00:01:41.100 production of different organic
00:01:42.530 00:01:42.540 compounds now I'll just remind you that
00:01:45.050 00:01:45.060 ethylene and ething are exactly the same
00:01:47.690 00:01:47.700 thing so don't get confused
00:01:50.720 00:01:50.730 now ethylene can undergo many different
00:01:53.960 00:01:53.970 reactions such as addition reaction
00:01:55.850 00:01:55.860 which will break the double bond and
00:01:58.310 00:01:58.320 also polymerization to make polymers so
00:02:03.260 00:02:03.270 let's start by looking at addition
00:02:04.730 00:02:04.740 reactions of alkenes in an addition
00:02:07.550 00:02:07.560 reaction the double bond is broken and
00:02:09.859 00:02:09.869 new atoms or groups of atoms bond
00:02:13.270 00:02:13.280 forming an alkane that is different from
00:02:16.370 00:02:16.380 the original alkene so as I said the
00:02:21.230 00:02:21.240 carbon double bond is broken to a single
00:02:23.630 00:02:23.640 bond and it forms an unsaturated
00:02:26.360 00:02:26.370 compound which means that you cannot put
00:02:28.790 00:02:28.800 any more atoms over these bonds and it
00:02:33.080 00:02:33.090 comes from a set excuse me an
00:02:35.420 00:02:35.430 unsaturated compound to start with
00:02:37.250 00:02:37.260 because it's got one or more double
00:02:38.870 00:02:38.880 bonds so here's a list of a few
00:02:43.130 00:02:43.140 different addition reactions of a
00:02:44.960 00:02:44.970 ethylene and all alkenes in fact so we
00:02:48.830 00:02:48.840 start with ethylene and we react it
00:02:51.350 00:02:51.360 under different conditions to get
00:02:53.720 00:02:53.730 different compounds for different uses
00:02:55.840 00:02:55.850 so let's start by looking at this
00:02:58.880 00:02:58.890 reaction here the reaction conditions
00:03:01.220 00:03:01.230 are oxygen and water and you go from
00:03:04.130 00:03:04.140 ethylene to a compound called ethylene
00:03:06.380 00:03:06.390 glycol which is an antifreeze so what's
00:03:09.800 00:03:09.810 happening is the double bonds breaking
00:03:11.720 00:03:11.730 and new atoms are coming in in this case
00:03:14.500 00:03:14.510 alcohol groups so we can also react
00:03:18.710 00:03:18.720 ethylene with water again breaking that
00:03:21.530 00:03:21.540 bond and we get ethanol with just one
00:03:24.830 00:03:24.840 alcohol group and we can also undergo
00:03:28.430 00:03:28.440 what's called halogenation by using a
00:03:31.550 00:03:31.560 halogen in this case bromine to get one
00:03:34.910 00:03:34.920 to dye bromo ething now this is the IU
00:03:38.000 00:03:38.010 pack name for this compound and I'll
00:03:40.400 00:03:40.410 just remind you about how we name this
00:03:42.380 00:03:42.390 so what we've done is we've broken the
00:03:44.720 00:03:44.730 bond and we've got to bromo groups on
00:03:47.780 00:03:47.790 the new alkane so we have the word die
00:03:52.600 00:03:52.610 because that means that there are two
00:03:54.890 00:03:54.900 bromo groups die bromo to bromo and we
00:03:58.460 00:03:58.470 have to count the carbons in the
00:03:59.720 00:03:59.730 skeleton there's
00:04:01.250 00:04:01.260 so it's 8th it's a single bond so it's a
00:04:04.580 00:04:04.590 m-- and these numbers out the front
00:04:06.890 00:04:06.900 refer to where the bromo groups are on
00:04:09.110 00:04:09.120 the alkane so we name the carbons 1 & 2
00:04:13.009 00:04:13.019 so this one we write as 1 2 de bromo
00:04:17.509 00:04:17.519 ething and so these rules will always be
00:04:21.830 00:04:21.840 the same for organic naming organic
00:04:23.689 00:04:23.699 compounds so we'll continue looking at
00:04:27.560 00:04:27.570 these addition reactions so here we have
00:04:32.090 00:04:32.100 ethylene again and we can go to this
00:04:34.850 00:04:34.860 compound which is chloro ething now
00:04:39.680 00:04:39.690 that's the IU pack name for it
00:04:42.110 00:04:42.120 Koro ething but it also has a common
00:04:45.950 00:04:45.960 name which is vinyl chloride and this is
00:04:51.440 00:04:51.450 similar to why we have the difference
00:04:53.390 00:04:53.400 between ethene and ethylene you have the
00:04:55.850 00:04:55.860 IU pack name and you also have the
00:04:58.040 00:04:58.050 common name vinyl chloride similarly we
00:05:00.950 00:05:00.960 can go from ethylene to this compound
00:05:03.140 00:05:03.150 here which the common name I'll just
00:05:06.170 00:05:06.180 start with is styrene and the IU pack
00:05:10.460 00:05:10.470 name let's start by naming counting the
00:05:13.040 00:05:13.050 carbons so there's 1 2 plus 6 this is
00:05:16.850 00:05:16.860 quite a big group here I'll draw that
00:05:18.260 00:05:18.270 for you in a moment
00:05:19.219 00:05:19.229 6 plus 2 is 8 so it's ox so we write up
00:05:23.469 00:05:23.479 does it have a double bond yes so it's n
00:05:26.920 00:05:26.930 where is the double bond count the
00:05:29.659 00:05:29.669 carbons 1 2 3 through 2 8 in there so
00:05:34.089 00:05:34.099 it's going to be 1 octene so 1 op teen
00:05:38.480 00:05:38.490 is exactly the same thing as styrene now
00:05:41.330 00:05:41.340 I'll come back to that at the moment in
00:05:43.279 00:05:43.289 a moment excuse me what we can do with
00:05:45.950 00:05:45.960 these compounds is then have a
00:05:48.680 00:05:48.690 polymerization reaction okay to form
00:05:51.080 00:05:51.090 polymers so styrene can go to
00:05:53.480 00:05:53.490 polystyrene ethylene can go to
00:05:56.420 00:05:56.430 polyethylene and chloro ethane or vinyl
00:06:00.620 00:06:00.630 chloride can go to polyvinyl chloride or
00:06:04.129 00:06:04.139 PVC which is used widely in the building
00:06:07.219 00:06:07.229 industry
00:06:07.989 00:06:07.999 mainly for pipes because they're non
00:06:10.389 00:06:10.399 corrosive and they last longer than
00:06:11.979 00:06:11.989 metal so just to show you what's
00:06:14.649 00:06:14.659 happening with these brackets we're
00:06:16.569 00:06:16.579 breaking our double bond up and we're
00:06:18.609 00:06:18.619 left with two extra arms on the carbons
00:06:20.979 00:06:20.989 to form bonds and if you put these
00:06:24.249 00:06:24.259 monuments into a reaction solution they
00:06:27.279 00:06:27.289 will link up with more of these units
00:06:30.909 00:06:30.919 and you'll get Parliament's but we'll go
00:06:33.189 00:06:33.199 into polymers in our next lesson now
00:06:35.859 00:06:35.869 just remember this little in here just
00:06:37.749 00:06:37.759 means a number it could be a hundred
00:06:39.879 00:06:39.889 could be a thousand it depends on the
00:06:41.919 00:06:41.929 users and how large the polymer we want
00:06:44.229 00:06:44.239 to make is so just before I get before I
00:06:48.159 00:06:48.169 leave this board I just wanted to show
00:06:49.959 00:06:49.969 you this group here this is actually a
00:06:52.479 00:06:52.489 benzene group okay
00:06:54.219 00:06:54.229 so I'll just start by drawing our
00:06:56.139 00:06:56.149 ethylene backbone here now this group is
00:07:01.719 00:07:01.729 actually cyclic which means it's in a
00:07:03.729 00:07:03.739 circle and there's six of them so we can
00:07:06.189 00:07:06.199 draw this see one two three four five
00:07:12.569 00:07:12.579 one two three four five six now we add
00:07:16.929 00:07:16.939 the hydrogen's there's five one two
00:07:20.379 00:07:20.389 three four five but in this molecule add
00:07:26.409 00:07:26.419 more double bonds because as you can see
00:07:28.869 00:07:28.879 from the carbons they're only bonding to
00:07:31.149 00:07:31.159 three other atoms but we know that
00:07:33.459 00:07:33.469 carbon has a valence of four so
00:07:35.229 00:07:35.239 therefore there's double bonds in this
00:07:36.850 00:07:36.860 molecule so double bonds double bond and
00:07:40.469 00:07:40.479 double bond so there's three double
00:07:42.850 00:07:42.860 bonds in this molecule here so if I just
00:07:46.119 00:07:46.129 circle that I'll show you a neat organic
00:07:48.699 00:07:48.709 chemists shorthand for this molecule
00:07:51.749 00:07:51.759 instead of drawing this molecule we
00:07:54.189 00:07:54.199 would draw it like this with just lines
00:07:57.519 00:07:57.529 and that's just a shorthand version and
00:08:00.249 00:08:00.259 a quicker way of writing this and all it
00:08:02.799 00:08:02.809 means is on every corner of this
00:08:04.779 00:08:04.789 molecule is a carbon atom as you can see
00:08:07.299 00:08:07.309 here and this circle means that there
00:08:10.209 00:08:10.219 are three double bonds and that the
00:08:12.129 00:08:12.139 electrons are actually moving around in
00:08:14.769 00:08:14.779 between the carbons so these double
00:08:17.049 00:08:17.059 bonds aren't strictly rigidly there they
00:08:20.030 00:08:20.040 trongs actually move in between excuse
00:08:22.820 00:08:22.830 me I should have put that double bond
00:08:24.290 00:08:24.300 there and I should have put that one
00:08:26.090 00:08:26.100 there I'm sorry about that we all make
00:08:28.280 00:08:28.290 mistakes sometimes so that is a benzene
00:08:32.090 00:08:32.100 molecule and it's exactly the same as
00:08:33.980 00:08:33.990 that it's just a shorthand so moving on
00:08:38.030 00:08:38.040 from addition reactions yes now just
00:08:47.180 00:08:47.190 keep in mind that there are hundreds and
00:08:48.860 00:08:48.870 hundreds if not thousands of different
00:08:51.050 00:08:51.060 addition reactions that you can undergo
00:08:52.850 00:08:52.860 with alkenes so let's look at
00:08:56.240 00:08:56.250 hydrogenation of anything what's
00:08:58.520 00:08:58.530 happening here is we're reacting ething
00:09:01.700 00:09:01.710 with hydrogen to make ething so we're
00:09:04.880 00:09:04.890 breaking that double bond and the
00:09:06.950 00:09:06.960 hydrogen's are coming in and adding to
00:09:09.800 00:09:09.810 this molecule so these are examples of
00:09:11.630 00:09:11.640 more addition reactions the reaction
00:09:15.110 00:09:15.120 conditions for this reaction are that we
00:09:17.390 00:09:17.400 need a metal catalyst and we use either
00:09:20.150 00:09:20.160 nickel or platinum so going back to this
00:09:26.120 00:09:26.130 one hydrogenation so we need a catalyst
00:09:28.820 00:09:28.830 otherwise this reaction is too slow and
00:09:30.680 00:09:30.690 as I go forward you'll see that some of
00:09:34.130 00:09:34.140 these reactions need catalysts and
00:09:35.780 00:09:35.790 others we just need different
00:09:36.920 00:09:36.930 temperatures pressures that sort of
00:09:38.900 00:09:38.910 thing but you will have to remember the
00:09:40.850 00:09:40.860 reaction conditions so now onto
00:09:43.250 00:09:43.260 halogenation so what we're doing is
00:09:45.530 00:09:45.540 we're adding a halogen to ethylene in
00:09:48.050 00:09:48.060 this case bromine and the double bond
00:09:51.260 00:09:51.270 breaks and the bromine adds on to form
00:09:53.780 00:09:53.790 one two dibromo
00:09:55.730 00:09:55.740 ethane we try to stop discussed earlier
00:09:58.070 00:09:58.080 and halogenation you can use different
00:10:01.100 00:10:01.110 halogens other than just bromine such as
00:10:04.070 00:10:04.080 chlorine or fluorine okay so as I said
00:10:07.910 00:10:07.920 the halogens are incorporated
00:10:10.930 00:10:10.940 now we'll look at hydration of ething
00:10:13.540 00:10:13.550 ething excuse me this is where Ethan and
00:10:16.870 00:10:16.880 water make ethanol so here we have the
00:10:20.170 00:10:20.180 water molecule being incorporated over
00:10:22.270 00:10:22.280 the double bond to form ethanol with an
00:10:25.480 00:10:25.490 O H group or an alcohol group as we call
00:10:27.730 00:10:27.740 it a catalyst is needed once again
00:10:30.940 00:10:30.950 either dilute sulfuric or phosphoric
00:10:33.580 00:10:33.590 acid which is h2 so4 or h3po4 now on to
00:10:40.900 00:10:40.910 oxidation of ething this is where we go
00:10:44.680 00:10:44.690 from ethylene to ethylene glycol and
00:10:47.650 00:10:47.660 this is the formula the structural
00:10:50.590 00:10:50.600 formula for ethylene glycol as you
00:10:52.960 00:10:52.970 remember with the two alcohol groups now
00:10:55.750 00:10:55.760 there's two different ways of oxidizing
00:10:57.430 00:10:57.440 ethylene either with dilute potassium
00:11:00.520 00:11:00.530 permanganate which is this formula here
00:11:03.180 00:11:03.190 potassium which is an oxidizer and these
00:11:08.290 00:11:08.300 are the structural formula which are
00:11:09.820 00:11:09.830 good for you to see what's happening in
00:11:11.170 00:11:11.180 the reaction but to cut it down into
00:11:13.780 00:11:13.790 shorthand we can just write the
00:11:15.550 00:11:15.560 molecules themselves c2h4 gas with kmno4
00:11:20.970 00:11:20.980 goes to c thun h 4o h in brackets - and
00:11:28.270 00:11:28.280 this is a liquid ethylene glycol and
00:11:31.440 00:11:31.450 another way to make ethylene glycol is
00:11:34.120 00:11:34.130 with different reaction conditions in
00:11:36.610 00:11:36.620 this case oxygen and water and you get
00:11:40.510 00:11:40.520 exactly the same products ethylene
00:11:43.600 00:11:43.610 glycol I'll discuss in a moment just for
00:11:45.850 00:11:45.860 you to know that it's an antifreeze
00:11:50.380 00:11:50.390 so here we are with ethylene glycol it's
00:11:53.540 00:11:53.550 an antifreeze and it's used in car
00:11:55.490 00:11:55.500 radiators now we don't really need
00:11:57.500 00:11:57.510 ethylene glycol here in Australia
00:11:59.750 00:11:59.760 because it doesn't get cold enough but
00:12:01.790 00:12:01.800 overseas where it does get cold they
00:12:03.949 00:12:03.959 need to put ethylene glycol in their
00:12:05.750 00:12:05.760 cars to prevent the engine heating up
00:12:09.009 00:12:09.019 now
00:12:10.130 00:12:10.140 Ethan dial is simply ethylene glycol
00:12:15.790 00:12:15.800 this is just the IUPAC name for it okay
00:12:19.519 00:12:19.529 as I said ethylene glycol has a lower
00:12:22.550 00:12:22.560 freezing point and a higher boiling
00:12:24.350 00:12:24.360 point than water so it allows in the
00:12:28.370 00:12:28.380 radiator for the water to not freeze
00:12:31.000 00:12:31.010 okay so just looking at our are you pack
00:12:34.610 00:12:34.620 name here I'll just draw it again so you
00:12:36.500 00:12:36.510 can remember the structure if you'll
00:12:39.920 00:12:39.930 remember it's an alkane with two o H
00:12:42.350 00:12:42.360 groups oops
00:12:45.380 00:12:45.390 o H and so one to ethane dial these are
00:12:49.639 00:12:49.649 the functional groups the o H groups and
00:12:51.829 00:12:51.839 when there's two of them on an alkane
00:12:53.600 00:12:53.610 it's called a dial so this is e Thayne
00:12:57.670 00:12:57.680 because it's single bond dial and the
00:13:01.850 00:13:01.860 one to again name the carbons is the
00:13:04.850 00:13:04.860 position of these functional groups
00:13:11.519 00:13:11.529 and another great thing about ethylene
00:13:14.079 00:13:14.089 glycol is that it doesn't cause
00:13:15.790 00:13:15.800 corrosion so it won't ruin your engine
00:13:19.769 00:13:19.779 now ethylene glycol is also used in the
00:13:22.929 00:13:22.939 manufacture of magnetic tapes and
00:13:25.059 00:13:25.069 photographic film although I guess we
00:13:27.460 00:13:27.470 don't use too much of that anymore in
00:13:28.869 00:13:28.879 this digital day and age and it's also
00:13:31.389 00:13:31.399 used for making synthetic fibers now
00:13:36.160 00:13:36.170 other products of ethylene there are
00:13:37.929 00:13:37.939 hundreds and thousands of them but
00:13:39.340 00:13:39.350 here's just a few also used to make
00:13:42.129 00:13:42.139 intermediate compounds which we saw
00:13:44.199 00:13:44.209 earlier with our addition reactions such
00:13:47.290 00:13:47.300 as styrene to make polystyrene vinyl
00:13:50.169 00:13:50.179 chloride to make polyvinyl chloride or
00:13:52.239 00:13:52.249 PVC and these end products are polymers
00:13:56.439 00:13:56.449 with certain characteristics pertaining
00:13:58.929 00:13:58.939 to their applications so looking at
00:14:02.679 00:14:02.689 polyethylene about 60% of ething is used
00:14:06.669 00:14:06.679 to make polyethylene which is a very
00:14:09.129 00:14:09.139 important and useful polymer and I can
00:14:11.379 00:14:11.389 tell you that I've got plastics all
00:14:12.999 00:14:13.009 around me we all do and I couldn't
00:14:15.910 00:14:15.920 actually imagine life without plastics
00:14:17.470 00:14:17.480 because we use so many of them packaging
00:14:19.960 00:14:19.970 you know pens for example all sorts of
00:14:22.989 00:14:22.999 things like in this picture here now so
00:14:26.889 00:14:26.899 it's used in general plastic
00:14:28.090 00:14:28.100 applications so now let us look at some
00:14:31.780 00:14:31.790 products that we've discussed today and
00:14:33.489 00:14:33.499 their specific uses so we started by
00:14:36.850 00:14:36.860 looking at polyethylene it's used for
00:14:38.559 00:14:38.569 plastic film crates and pipes ethylene
00:14:41.919 00:14:41.929 dichloride is used as the raw material
00:14:44.049 00:14:44.059 to make the vinyl chloride monomer for
00:14:46.989 00:14:46.999 PVC production we've looked at PVC
00:14:50.199 00:14:50.209 briefly polyvinyl chloride for plastic
00:14:53.559 00:14:53.569 pipes for gutter inks and for soft
00:14:56.079 00:14:56.089 furnishings we looked at ethanol the
00:14:58.989 00:14:58.999 ethanol is a solvent an organic solvent
00:15:01.379 00:15:01.389 it's also put into fuel and it's also as
00:15:06.280 00:15:06.290 a drink alcohol
00:15:07.710 00:15:07.720 alcoholic drinks we also looked at
00:15:10.480 00:15:10.490 ethylene glycol which is used as an
00:15:12.220 00:15:12.230 antifreeze polystyrene for plastic
00:15:15.129 00:15:15.139 packaging and insulation we looked at
00:15:17.980 00:15:17.990 one two dibromo ething which is a petrol
00:15:21.220 00:15:21.230 additive it
00:15:22.260 00:15:22.270 she increases excuse me
00:15:27.890 00:15:27.900 dye bromo Ethan as a petrol additive and
00:15:31.590 00:15:31.600 Chloe theme these two are also solvents
00:15:34.470 00:15:34.480 okay organic solvents so chloro ethane
00:15:36.810 00:15:36.820 as a solvent and also as a refrigerant
00:15:39.720 00:15:39.730 either in fridges or in cars so now
00:15:43.860 00:15:43.870 we'll look at the last type of reaction
00:15:45.930 00:15:45.940 that I'll discuss for today which is
00:15:47.730 00:15:47.740 substitution reactions of alkenes so
00:15:51.420 00:15:51.430 we're starting with an alkane and as you
00:15:54.240 00:15:54.250 know alkenes are saturated so there's no
00:15:56.340 00:15:56.350 double bond we can break so you can't
00:15:58.290 00:15:58.300 add anything we need to just substitute
00:16:00.350 00:16:00.360 so here we have bromination where we're
00:16:03.720 00:16:03.730 using bromine and we're adding a bromine
00:16:06.360 00:16:06.370 and one hydrogen comes off to form
00:16:08.880 00:16:08.890 hydrogen bromide and here
00:16:11.250 00:16:11.260 bromo ether and again with halogens we
00:16:14.850 00:16:14.860 could use chlorine or fluorine for
00:16:16.830 00:16:16.840 different uses of different molecules
00:16:20.420 00:16:20.430 now this substitution occurs in the
00:16:23.610 00:16:23.620 presence of UV light so it doesn't
00:16:25.530 00:16:25.540 happen by itself in the lab we'd have to
00:16:27.540 00:16:27.550 use a UV light for the reaction to take
00:16:29.790 00:16:29.800 place and if you remember that's because
00:16:32.430 00:16:32.440 our Canes are not very reactive so we
00:16:35.010 00:16:35.020 need to push it along so that wraps up
00:16:39.900 00:16:39.910 what we've been talking about today with
00:16:42.210 00:16:42.220 the uses of ethylene and the different
00:16:44.760 00:16:44.770 organic reactions that we can that we
00:16:47.190 00:16:47.200 can use ethylene for to make different
00:16:49.050 00:16:49.060 products for different purposes such as
00:16:51.540 00:16:51.550 plastics so let's start with our
00:16:54.420 00:16:54.430 questions now and question eleven
00:16:56.790 00:16:56.800 why our alkene more reactive than
00:16:59.610 00:16:59.620 alkanes now this is because alkenes have
00:17:03.840 00:17:03.850 a reactive double bond as you can see
00:17:06.510 00:17:06.520 from this addition reaction we can break
00:17:09.060 00:17:09.070 that double bond and add other molecules
00:17:12.030 00:17:12.040 over that bond to produce here for
00:17:14.970 00:17:14.980 example one too dark or Oh a thing
00:17:19.980 00:17:19.990 and as I said earlier in the lesson the
00:17:24.840 00:17:24.850 double-bond creates a concentration of
00:17:26.789 00:17:26.799 negative electrostatic charge over that
00:17:29.100 00:17:29.110 double bond which means it's very
00:17:31.889 00:17:31.899 reactive now question twelve identified
00:17:37.740 00:17:37.750 the homologous series and functional
00:17:40.260 00:17:40.270 group that describes ethylene and you've
00:17:43.019 00:17:43.029 been given some choices here this is the
00:17:45.269 00:17:45.279 homologous series alkane alkane alkyne
00:17:49.529 00:17:49.539 and alcohol and these are their
00:17:51.960 00:17:51.970 functional groups a single bonds a
00:17:54.899 00:17:54.909 double bond a triple bond and an O H
00:17:58.200 00:17:58.210 group so where does ethylene fit into
00:18:01.710 00:18:01.720 these groups of course it has a double
00:18:05.639 00:18:05.649 bond so it's an alkene so that's our
00:18:08.399 00:18:08.409 answer for this question
00:18:10.730 00:18:10.740 similarly if it were to ask for F an F F
00:18:17.250 00:18:17.260 o kind group excuse me it would be it
00:18:21.060 00:18:21.070 would be a triple bond so question 13
00:18:24.899 00:18:24.909 what is meant by a substitution reaction
00:18:26.850 00:18:26.860 and does an alkane or a now Keane
00:18:29.899 00:18:29.909 undergo these reactions well its alkanes
00:18:34.380 00:18:34.390 because one atom is substituted for
00:18:36.779 00:18:36.789 another it's not added it's substituted
00:18:39.600 00:18:39.610 so remembering back to our diagram here
00:18:41.549 00:18:41.559 with the bromine the bromine comes in
00:18:44.370 00:18:44.380 and a hydrogen comes off so just
00:18:46.919 00:18:46.929 remember that it's alkanes so as I said
00:18:52.260 00:18:52.270 for example a hydrogen atom can be
00:18:54.779 00:18:54.789 replaced with a halogen atom but light
00:18:57.389 00:18:57.399 energy in the form of UV energy is
00:18:59.549 00:18:59.559 required
00:19:00.570 00:19:00.580 so just to recap as I said this could be
00:19:03.690 00:19:03.700 a chloro group or a fluoro group and
00:19:07.399 00:19:07.409 substitution reactions are always with
00:19:09.510 00:19:09.520 alkanes
00:19:11.630 00:19:11.640 and these reactions are slow as I said
00:19:15.260 00:19:15.270 before we need UV light to get them
00:19:16.970 00:19:16.980 moving along because alkanes
00:19:19.280 00:19:19.290 are not very reactive now question 14
00:19:24.230 00:19:24.240 what is meant by an addition reaction
00:19:26.120 00:19:26.130 and does an alkane or an alkene undergo
00:19:29.570 00:19:29.580 an addition reaction well it's an alkene
00:19:33.530 00:19:33.540 because we need a double bond to be
00:19:35.960 00:19:35.970 broken opening up new bonding sites for
00:19:38.660 00:19:38.670 different atoms or groups of atoms so
00:19:41.510 00:19:41.520 your answer to that is an alkene now
00:19:45.440 00:19:45.450 these reactions are normally spontaneous
00:19:47.450 00:19:47.460 because the double bond is very reactive
00:19:49.930 00:19:49.940 okay so here we have hydrogen breaking
00:19:53.870 00:19:53.880 that bond to form ethane in that example
00:19:58.900 00:19:58.910 and yes just to recap it involves our
00:20:04.010 00:20:04.020 kings because they are reactive and they
00:20:07.070 00:20:07.080 are unsaturated compounds and
00:20:08.919 00:20:08.929 remembering this word unsaturated
00:20:11.270 00:20:11.280 compounds have a double bond which can
00:20:13.549 00:20:13.559 be broken to form alkanes so finally for
00:20:19.100 00:20:19.110 today question 15 outline for
00:20:21.770 00:20:21.780 applications of industrial ethanol first
00:20:26.720 00:20:26.730 of all ethanol is an industrial solvent
00:20:28.700 00:20:28.710 it's used very very widely for all sorts
00:20:31.669 00:20:31.679 of reactions and to make all sorts of
00:20:34.549 00:20:34.559 different products it's also an additive
00:20:39.260 00:20:39.270 to fuel and this is to lower emissions
00:20:42.320 00:20:42.330 of dangerous gases such as carbon
00:20:43.909 00:20:43.919 monoxide
00:20:44.840 00:20:44.850 and you may see it your fuel pump a 10
00:20:48.080 00:20:48.090 or a 15 and that that relates to the
00:20:51.380 00:20:51.390 percentage of ethanol that they put in
00:20:53.240 00:20:53.250 the fuel mix another application is in
00:20:57.530 00:20:57.540 pharmaceutical applications ethanol is a
00:20:59.690 00:20:59.700 good antibacterial so things such as
00:21:01.940 00:21:01.950 antibacterial soaps and also think it's
00:21:05.510 00:21:05.520 also used in things such as mouth
00:21:07.130 00:21:07.140 washers
00:21:08.350 00:21:08.360 and finally it's also used in the
00:21:10.780 00:21:10.790 cosmetics industry for various different
00:21:12.910 00:21:12.920 things as you can see here a range of
00:21:15.070 00:21:15.080 ladies products and also in perfumes
00:21:18.490 00:21:18.500 ethanol is mixed in so that wraps up our
00:21:21.820 00:21:21.830 discussion today with regard to
00:21:24.039 00:21:24.049 petroleum refining and next in our next
00:21:28.270 00:21:28.280 lesson we'll be discussing
00:21:29.350 00:21:29.360 polymerization which stems from what we
00:21:32.230 00:21:32.240 were talking about today with regard to
00:21:33.760 00:21:33.770 PVC okay

Sales phone