√ Petroleum Refining - Crude Oil - Production of Materials - Petrochemical - Chemistry-

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Language: en

00:00:11.670
hi everyone today we start a new topic
00:00:14.730 00:00:14.740 which is called the production of
00:00:16.049 00:00:16.059 materials and this is one of three core
00:00:18.329 00:00:18.339 topics for HSC chemistry now we as
00:00:22.050 00:00:22.060 humans in the past have sought our
00:00:23.849 00:00:23.859 natural environment for all of our needs
00:00:25.409 00:00:25.419 such as food shelter and clothing but as
00:00:29.460 00:00:29.470 we've evolved and wanted bigger and
00:00:31.200 00:00:31.210 better things we've needed new materials
00:00:33.120 00:00:33.130 to keep up with our evolution and this
00:00:35.580 00:00:35.590 topic is describing how we find these
00:00:38.100 00:00:38.110 new materials and how we utilize them
00:00:40.530 00:00:40.540 and refine them for our day-to-day needs
00:00:43.820 00:00:43.830 so let's start by looking at petroleum
00:00:46.290 00:00:46.300 refining here we have a petroleum
00:00:48.510 00:00:48.520 refinery and these are found all over
00:00:50.430 00:00:50.440 the world I'm sure you've seen one as
00:00:52.460 00:00:52.470 you can see it is a very large scale
00:00:55.440 00:00:55.450 process and the reason for this is that
00:00:57.870 00:00:57.880 we need the products that are coming out
00:00:59.819 00:00:59.829 of this refinery because humans are big
00:01:02.460 00:01:02.470 consumers of many things and therefore
00:01:05.189 00:01:05.199 it has to be a large-scale process now
00:01:08.399 00:01:08.409 what goes into a petroleum refinery we
00:01:11.609 00:01:11.619 start by looking at fossil fuels
00:01:13.169 00:01:13.179 now all fossil fuels are hydrocarbon
00:01:15.989 00:01:15.999 based compounds and this means that they
00:01:18.330 00:01:18.340 have to contain carbon and hydrogen
00:01:22.249 00:01:22.259 they combust in air and oxygen which
00:01:24.840 00:01:24.850 means they can be burnt and by doing so
00:01:26.940 00:01:26.950 they release energy and this energy we
00:01:30.300 00:01:30.310 utilize for our needs such as
00:01:32.520 00:01:32.530 electricity so there are three main
00:01:36.029 00:01:36.039 fossil fuels the first of which is coal
00:01:38.929 00:01:38.939 now coal generates electricity in power
00:01:42.209 00:01:42.219 plants such as this one here now the
00:01:44.940 00:01:44.950 majority of our domestic and industrial
00:01:47.069 00:01:47.079 electricity actually comes from coal
00:01:49.469 00:01:49.479 power plants but the problem with these
00:01:51.599 00:01:51.609 as you can see is that it produces a lot
00:01:54.629 00:01:54.639 of pollution the second type of fossil
00:01:58.260 00:01:58.270 fuel is natural gas it has many many
00:02:01.529 00:02:01.539 applications
00:02:03.010 00:02:03.020 and most homes in Australia not all but
00:02:06.130 00:02:06.140 most have natural gas for their cooking
00:02:08.109 00:02:08.119 and for their heating the third one is
00:02:12.009 00:02:12.019 petroleum which we'll be talking about
00:02:13.869 00:02:13.879 today
00:02:14.640 00:02:14.650 now petroleum is the fuel for Transport
00:02:17.770 00:02:17.780 for our cars trucks boats planes all
00:02:20.380 00:02:20.390 sorts of things it's also the raw
00:02:22.690 00:02:22.700 material for the petrochemical industry
00:02:24.190 00:02:24.200 and there are many things produced by
00:02:26.470 00:02:26.480 the petrochemical industry such as
00:02:28.570 00:02:28.580 plastics so let's look at how to refine
00:02:32.710 00:02:32.720 petroleum first of all crude oil we get
00:02:36.610 00:02:36.620 crude oil what's in crude oil now
00:02:39.130 00:02:39.140 petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of
00:02:42.100 00:02:42.110 different hydrocarbon compounds now
00:02:44.410 00:02:44.420 they're all hydrocarbon compounds so as
00:02:46.990 00:02:47.000 you can see from the diagram the
00:02:48.789 00:02:48.799 majority is gasoline which we call
00:02:51.160 00:02:51.170 petrol in the United States they call it
00:02:53.530 00:02:53.540 gasoline there's quite a bit of diesel
00:02:55.960 00:02:55.970 which we use for diesel cars and trucks
00:02:57.940 00:02:57.950 some jet fuel heavy fuel oil and other
00:03:01.479 00:03:01.489 products now we have to separate these
00:03:04.210 00:03:04.220 for their uses so we get the petroleum
00:03:06.309 00:03:06.319 but we can't just use petroleum and put
00:03:08.349 00:03:08.359 it in a car it doesn't work like that we
00:03:10.449 00:03:10.459 need to separate them for specific uses
00:03:12.960 00:03:12.970 so how do we do that what we know is
00:03:16.930 00:03:16.940 that each fraction has different boiling
00:03:19.479 00:03:19.489 points and it's this physical property
00:03:22.509 00:03:22.519 of different boiling points that we
00:03:24.430 00:03:24.440 utilize to separate the different
00:03:26.440 00:03:26.450 fractions to do that we use something
00:03:29.410 00:03:29.420 called fractional distillation and this
00:03:31.839 00:03:31.849 is quite an important part of this topic
00:03:33.879 00:03:33.889 for you to learn so looking at
00:03:36.849 00:03:36.859 fractional distillation as I touched on
00:03:39.370 00:03:39.380 it's based on different boiling points
00:03:41.289 00:03:41.299 of the fractions we're shorter chains
00:03:45.250 00:03:45.260 will have a lower boiling point such as
00:03:47.589 00:03:47.599 this chain here this is propane so it
00:03:50.770 00:03:50.780 has three carbons so the prefix is pro
00:03:54.190 00:03:54.200 and it's now cane which means it only
00:03:58.300 00:03:58.310 has single bonds so this is propane and
00:04:00.990 00:04:01.000 it has a lower boiling point longer
00:04:04.839 00:04:04.849 chains such as this one which is octane
00:04:07.379 00:04:07.389 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 carbons
00:04:12.340 00:04:12.350 therefore the prefix is ox
00:04:14.920 00:04:14.930 it's an alkane so it's octane longer
00:04:17.920 00:04:17.930 chains have a higher boiling point and
00:04:20.110 00:04:20.120 you'll need to remember this for this
00:04:21.999 00:04:22.009 section of the topic so looking at a
00:04:25.270 00:04:25.280 fractional distillation column this is a
00:04:28.150 00:04:28.160 quite a crude diagram but if you imagine
00:04:30.700 00:04:30.710 a fractional distillation column excuse
00:04:33.640 00:04:33.650 me in industry these things are
00:04:36.219 00:04:36.229 absolutely massive you could imagine
00:04:37.840 00:04:37.850 maybe the size of a silo they're very
00:04:40.600 00:04:40.610 very large what happens is crude oil is
00:04:43.540 00:04:43.550 brought into the fractional distillation
00:04:45.879 00:04:45.889 column and it's then heated up shorter
00:04:50.680 00:04:50.690 chain fractions because we just touched
00:04:52.629 00:04:52.639 on they have a lower boiling point the
00:04:55.390 00:04:55.400 shorter chain fractions will then rise
00:04:57.210 00:04:57.220 so fractions up here like refinery gas
00:05:00.310 00:05:00.320 and petrol with lower boiling points
00:05:04.029 00:05:04.039 will rise and therefore on the flip side
00:05:07.000 00:05:07.010 the longer chains will condense lower
00:05:11.080 00:05:11.090 down on the column with a higher boiling
00:05:13.540 00:05:13.550 point so if you can keep in mind that
00:05:17.290 00:05:17.300 the shorter the chain the higher up the
00:05:19.930 00:05:19.940 column and the lower the boiling point
00:05:21.969 00:05:21.979 and the opposite for longer chains so
00:05:26.469 00:05:26.479 what happens is we then collect these
00:05:28.060 00:05:28.070 fractions as you can see these are a few
00:05:31.180 00:05:31.190 examples now there's more than just in
00:05:33.399 00:05:33.409 this diagram there are many things that
00:05:35.110 00:05:35.120 come off from petroleum these are just a
00:05:38.080 00:05:38.090 few examples petrol naphtha which is
00:05:40.390 00:05:40.400 used for making chemicals diesel oil the
00:05:44.080 00:05:44.090 separate fractions will come off and we
00:05:46.000 00:05:46.010 collect them at different boiling points
00:05:47.469 00:05:47.479 so they'll be pure not just one big heap
00:05:50.260 00:05:50.270 of everything together now around the
00:05:54.399 00:05:54.409 world the composition of the fractions
00:05:55.960 00:05:55.970 will vary depending on where the crude
00:05:57.790 00:05:57.800 oil is mined so for example if the crude
00:06:01.029 00:06:01.039 oil was mined in North Queensland in
00:06:02.770 00:06:02.780 Australia it would have a very different
00:06:04.839 00:06:04.849 composition to crude oil and overseas
00:06:07.450 00:06:07.460 for example in the Gulf of Mexico in the
00:06:09.760 00:06:09.770 United States
00:06:11.490 00:06:11.500 so that now sums up our theory part of
00:06:14.460 00:06:14.470 this section so just to remind you of
00:06:17.190 00:06:17.200 what we've spoken about today's lesson
00:06:19.290 00:06:19.300 was mostly about refining petroleum and
00:06:21.390 00:06:21.400 the use of fractional distillation to
00:06:24.150 00:06:24.160 separate different products from one
00:06:26.850 00:06:26.860 crude oil product and the way we do this
00:06:30.390 00:06:30.400 is by using the physical property of
00:06:32.550 00:06:32.560 boiling point so try to remember that
00:06:35.190 00:06:35.200 the smaller the higher up the column and
00:06:38.190 00:06:38.200 the lower the boiling point the longer
00:06:40.440 00:06:40.450 the hydrocarbon the lower down and the
00:06:43.140 00:06:43.150 higher the boiling point so now let's
00:06:46.080 00:06:46.090 look at some questions question one
00:06:49.230 00:06:49.240 which physical property enables
00:06:51.630 00:06:51.640 hydrocarbons to be separated during the
00:06:54.060 00:06:54.070 process of fractional distillation well
00:06:56.880 00:06:56.890 I just summed that up with boiling point
00:06:59.340 00:06:59.350 that's right so back to our diagram once
00:07:03.180 00:07:03.190 again as I said the smaller the
00:07:06.750 00:07:06.760 hydrocarbon compound the higher up on
00:07:09.750 00:07:09.760 the column and the lower the boiling
00:07:11.430 00:07:11.440 point the larger the hydrocarbon the
00:07:16.350 00:07:16.360 lower down the column it will condense
00:07:17.760 00:07:17.770 and the higher the boiling point now
00:07:21.650 00:07:21.660 just as another point to note when we
00:07:24.870 00:07:24.880 take things off a fractional
00:07:26.250 00:07:26.260 distillation column we call it Ellucian
00:07:31.430 00:07:31.440 so Ellucian basically means when a
00:07:35.100 00:07:35.110 physical when we use the physical
00:07:36.540 00:07:36.550 property of boiling point when something
00:07:38.400 00:07:38.410 comes off at a different level we say
00:07:41.070 00:07:41.080 that it alludes or comes off a bit like
00:07:44.550 00:07:44.560 water out of a tap
00:07:50.130 00:07:50.140 so now remembering this question this
00:07:55.240 00:07:55.250 will help us for the next question
00:07:56.800 00:07:56.810 so remember boiling point and the
00:07:59.050 00:07:59.060 different fractions will condense at
00:08:01.420 00:08:01.430 different stages so to recap longer
00:08:05.140 00:08:05.150 chains higher boiling point lower down
00:08:07.600 00:08:07.610 the column and of course shorter chains
00:08:12.180 00:08:12.190 lower boiling points they will condense
00:08:14.920 00:08:14.930 higher up the column
00:08:17.100 00:08:17.110 so just to recap if we had Ethan for
00:08:21.760 00:08:21.770 example I'll just draw that over here
00:08:24.310 00:08:24.320 just so you can see the answers if I had
00:08:27.430 00:08:27.440 Ethan for example which is c2h6
00:08:31.120 00:08:31.130 on a very small scale column in a
00:08:34.570 00:08:34.580 laboratory for example and I also had
00:08:37.570 00:08:37.580 let's say hexane with six carbons one
00:08:41.230 00:08:41.240 two three four five six hexane just
00:08:47.650 00:08:47.660 imagine for me that these are all
00:08:48.940 00:08:48.950 hydrogen's then you could imagine that
00:08:52.080 00:08:52.090 Ethan would elute higher up the column
00:08:55.270 00:08:55.280 and hexane would alert lower down the
00:08:57.880 00:08:57.890 column longer chain lower down the
00:09:00.190 00:09:00.200 column so that's question one now we'll
00:09:03.250 00:09:03.260 move on to question two what types of
00:09:07.630 00:09:07.640 intermolecular forces exist between
00:09:09.520 00:09:09.530 hydrocarbon molecules and explain the
00:09:12.160 00:09:12.170 origin of these forces the answer to
00:09:15.460 00:09:15.470 that is weak dispersion forces and weak
00:09:18.700 00:09:18.710 being the optimal word because
00:09:20.940 00:09:20.950 hydrocarbons are actually nonpolar which
00:09:23.560 00:09:23.570 means they don't have an inherent charge
00:09:25.180 00:09:25.190 charge excuse me by themselves but what
00:09:28.780 00:09:28.790 happens is they will have a temporary
00:09:31.300 00:09:31.310 dipole what's called a temporary dipole
00:09:33.690 00:09:33.700 now these are vacillating or changing
00:09:36.760 00:09:36.770 and moving instantaneous charges at
00:09:39.340 00:09:39.350 either ends and this creates temporary
00:09:42.100 00:09:42.110 dipoles so looking at our diagram if we
00:09:45.370 00:09:45.380 imagine that this is one hydrocarbon
00:09:47.320 00:09:47.330 molecule on the Left let's imagine it's
00:09:49.750 00:09:49.760 by itself for now pretend that one's not
00:09:52.000 00:09:52.010 there these symbols here are symbols for
00:09:55.510 00:09:55.520 Delta which means slight
00:09:58.180 00:09:58.190 so we have a slight Delta negative
00:10:00.759 00:10:00.769 slight negative charge on the left and a
00:10:03.519 00:10:03.529 slight positive charge on the right and
00:10:05.259 00:10:05.269 that's an original temporary dipole so
00:10:08.319 00:10:08.329 remember these dipoles can change and
00:10:10.030 00:10:10.040 they are always changing now let's
00:10:12.280 00:10:12.290 imagine we bring in a second molecule
00:10:14.129 00:10:14.139 what happens is it will have an induced
00:10:17.910 00:10:17.920 temporary charge now because this side
00:10:20.679 00:10:20.689 of the molecule is positive it will
00:10:23.230 00:10:23.240 therefore have an induced negative or
00:10:25.809 00:10:25.819 opposite charge induced in it so that
00:10:31.150 00:10:31.160 therefore now what we have in between
00:10:32.650 00:10:32.660 these two molecules are weak dispersion
00:10:36.220 00:10:36.230 forces and there's a weak attraction
00:10:37.929 00:10:37.939 there so these two will actually come
00:10:40.150 00:10:40.160 into contact with each other and come
00:10:41.829 00:10:41.839 very close but remember that they're
00:10:44.110 00:10:44.120 very very weak now the instantaneous
00:10:47.980 00:10:47.990 dipoles as I said they're weak and the
00:10:51.759 00:10:51.769 original dipole will induce a dipole in
00:10:55.420 00:10:55.430 a neighboring molecule so just think if
00:10:57.850 00:10:57.860 I had a molecule over here and let's
00:11:01.990 00:11:02.000 swap up the charges let's say that it
00:11:03.790 00:11:03.800 had a delta positive on the left and a
00:11:06.639 00:11:06.649 delta negative on the right so the
00:11:08.530 00:11:08.540 opposite of that and then this molecule
00:11:10.960 00:11:10.970 comes running in this will induce a
00:11:14.590 00:11:14.600 temporary charge here of Delta positive
00:11:17.079 00:11:17.089 because these two dispersion forces or
00:11:20.800 00:11:20.810 charges will always be opposite and
00:11:23.199 00:11:23.209 therefore there's a weak attraction
00:11:25.470 00:11:25.480 excuse me a weak attraction occurring
00:11:27.970 00:11:27.980 between these two molecules so the weak
00:11:31.780 00:11:31.790 dipoles oppositely charged they'll
00:11:34.749 00:11:34.759 attract each other and form dispersion
00:11:37.120 00:11:37.130 forces
00:11:37.629 00:11:37.639 so to recap what types of intermolecular
00:11:40.660 00:11:40.670 forces occur between hydrocarbon
00:11:43.090 00:11:43.100 molecules weak dispersion forces okay so
00:11:47.379 00:11:47.389 temporary dipoles will occur and if
00:11:51.970 00:11:51.980 another molecule comes in
00:11:58.390 00:11:58.400 Delta negative side Delta negative Delta
00:12:01.150 00:12:01.160 positive Delta negative Delta positive
00:12:03.760 00:12:03.770 you'll have a weak attraction between
00:12:05.680 00:12:05.690 the Soumya mall excuse me molecules okay
00:12:13.150 00:12:13.160 now question one and question two
00:12:15.580 00:12:15.590 talking about boiling point and
00:12:17.320 00:12:17.330 dispersion forces are going to help us
00:12:20.500 00:12:20.510 in answering question three so if we put
00:12:23.230 00:12:23.240 all that information together and look
00:12:25.060 00:12:25.070 at question three explain why the
00:12:27.880 00:12:27.890 melting point and the boiling point of
00:12:29.770 00:12:29.780 alkanes increase as the size of the
00:12:32.830 00:12:32.840 molecule increases well if you increase
00:12:36.730 00:12:36.740 the mill excuse me molecular mass in
00:12:38.980 00:12:38.990 large molecules it causes greater
00:12:41.260 00:12:41.270 dispersion forces because there is a
00:12:43.750 00:12:43.760 greater number of electrons so this
00:12:46.780 00:12:46.790 temporary dipole will be stronger or
00:12:49.420 00:12:49.430 relatively stronger in molecules that
00:12:56.020 00:12:56.030 are larger so if you think going back to
00:12:59.050 00:12:59.060 our friend Ethan if we think about
00:13:01.480 00:13:01.490 ethane c2h6 is two carbon atoms if we
00:13:10.570 00:13:10.580 think about once again our friend hexane
00:13:12.940 00:13:12.950 one two three four five six
00:13:18.750 00:13:18.760 hydrogen hydrogen hydrogen more carbons
00:13:22.300 00:13:22.310 means more electrons means that if we're
00:13:26.079 00:13:26.089 thinking about our dipoles okay the
00:13:31.510 00:13:31.520 dipoles are going to be greater because
00:13:32.920 00:13:32.930 there's more electrons so this Delta
00:13:35.050 00:13:35.060 negative here and Delta positive here
00:13:37.630 00:13:37.640 will be relatively greater than the
00:13:40.990 00:13:41.000 Delta positive here and the Delta
00:13:43.180 00:13:43.190 negative there and therefore when the
00:13:46.660 00:13:46.670 two molecules come into contact as I
00:13:48.970 00:13:48.980 said we've got dispersion forces between
00:13:50.949 00:13:50.959 the two molecules to take these
00:13:53.230 00:13:53.240 molecules apart and change their state
00:13:55.240 00:13:55.250 or to boil them or to melt them you need
00:13:58.600 00:13:58.610 more energy to take these molecules away
00:14:01.540 00:14:01.550 from each other because the forces are
00:14:03.130 00:14:03.140 greater
00:14:03.519 00:14:03.529 so just remember here why is the melting
00:14:06.970 00:14:06.980 point and boiling point why does it
00:14:09.040 00:14:09.050 increase as the molecule increases
00:14:10.620 00:14:10.630 because there's more electrons therefore
00:14:13.180 00:14:13.190 the dispersion forces are going to be
00:14:15.579 00:14:15.589 relatively greater than in a smaller
00:14:17.710 00:14:17.720 molecule and so to boil or melt these
00:14:21.820 00:14:21.830 substances requires more energy
00:14:24.190 00:14:24.200 therefore higher melting point and
00:14:26.680 00:14:26.690 higher boiling point so now we'll move
00:14:31.510 00:14:31.520 on to question four describe the
00:14:34.810 00:14:34.820 composition of petroleum petroleum
00:14:37.600 00:14:37.610 consists of crude oil and natural gas it
00:14:42.870 00:14:42.880 is a mixture of up to 300 different
00:14:45.430 00:14:45.440 hydrocarbons as well as sulfur and
00:14:48.010 00:14:48.020 nitrogen compounds and in these 300
00:14:50.980 00:14:50.990 hydrocarbons
00:14:51.970 00:14:51.980 it also contains what we call cyclo
00:14:54.550 00:14:54.560 alkanes which are alkanes instead of
00:14:58.840 00:14:58.850 being in a line like this they're
00:15:01.569 00:15:01.579 actually in rings like this one here
00:15:04.060 00:15:04.070 which is a basic diagram for cyclohexane
00:15:06.960 00:15:06.970 with its hydrogen's of course
00:15:10.300 00:15:10.310 now crude oil to start with as I said
00:15:14.150 00:15:14.160 there's two parts to this there's crude
00:15:15.980 00:15:15.990 oil and natural gas thinking about crude
00:15:18.319 00:15:18.329 oil the majority of crude oil is made up
00:15:21.829 00:15:21.839 of alkanes and alkenes from C 1 to C 25
00:15:26.720 00:15:26.730 and if you remember alkanes have only
00:15:29.449 00:15:29.459 single bonds alkenes have at least one
00:15:32.420 00:15:32.430 double bond and C 1 to C 25 denotes that
00:15:36.230 00:15:36.240 there's either one carbon all the way up
00:15:38.329 00:15:38.339 to 25 carbons now natural gas on the
00:15:44.210 00:15:44.220 other hand the majority of natural gas
00:15:46.280 00:15:46.290 is made up of methane gas which is
00:15:48.800 00:15:48.810 between 75 and 90 percent and methane is
00:15:53.210 00:15:53.220 ch4 also contains some ething five to
00:15:57.860 00:15:57.870 ten percent which is c2h6 and a little
00:16:02.870 00:16:02.880 bit of propane and butane three to six
00:16:05.180 00:16:05.190 percent which is C 3 and C 4
00:16:08.710 00:16:08.720 there's also smaller amounts of other
00:16:11.030 00:16:11.040 alkanes and depending on where the
00:16:14.120 00:16:14.130 natural gas is mined it may contain
00:16:16.100 00:16:16.110 nitrogen water vapor carbon dioxide and
00:16:19.250 00:16:19.260 traces of hydrogen sulfide now the
00:16:22.250 00:16:22.260 chemical formula for hydrogen sulfide is
00:16:24.850 00:16:24.860 h2s and h2s is that rotten egg gas smell
00:16:28.759 00:16:28.769 that I'm sure you've all smells in class
00:16:30.620 00:16:30.630 before and it's really really horrible
00:16:33.079 00:16:33.089 so that's not nice stuff so that's your
00:16:37.310 00:16:37.320 composition of petroleum
00:16:38.750 00:16:38.760 it's just remember you've got crude oil
00:16:40.250 00:16:40.260 which is the majority of alkanes and
00:16:43.189 00:16:43.199 alkenes from C 1 to C C 25 excuse me and
00:16:46.550 00:16:46.560 on the other hand we have natural gas
00:16:48.860 00:16:48.870 which the majority is methane and ethane
00:16:53.199 00:16:53.209 now question 5 to finish with is
00:16:56.240 00:16:56.250 petroleum renewable and what are the
00:16:58.670 00:16:58.680 environmental implications well as I'm
00:17:01.910 00:17:01.920 sure you all know petroleum is not
00:17:03.980 00:17:03.990 renewable I think as I mentioned when we
00:17:05.990 00:17:06.000 had the the coal the coal power plan up
00:17:08.780 00:17:08.790 there it's not renewable and it's it's
00:17:11.329 00:17:11.339 very polluting unfortunately and also
00:17:14.929 00:17:14.939 unfortunately all fossil fuels are due
00:17:17.600 00:17:17.610 to run out at some point they will not
00:17:19.579 00:17:19.589 go forever this is why we're trying to
00:17:22.939 00:17:22.949 chemists and scientists are trying to
00:17:25.010 00:17:25.020 look into more renewable resources such
00:17:27.500 00:17:27.510 as wind and water and those sort of
00:17:30.350 00:17:30.360 things so it's not greenhouse neutral
00:17:32.899 00:17:32.909 either it pollutes our environment so
00:17:36.169 00:17:36.179 when the fossil fuels are taken out of
00:17:37.789 00:17:37.799 the ground and burnt the carbon that was
00:17:40.460 00:17:40.470 locked away under the ground is burnt
00:17:42.620 00:17:42.630 and it's transferred and transformed
00:17:44.990 00:17:45.000 into carbon dioxide which I'm afraid is
00:17:47.690 00:17:47.700 a greenhouse gas which is not good for
00:17:49.909 00:17:49.919 our environment because it may be
00:17:51.830 00:17:51.840 leading to global warming so that's the
00:17:55.880 00:17:55.890 end of today's topic I'll just sum up
00:17:57.950 00:17:57.960 for you what we went through the main
00:18:00.200 00:18:00.210 points I'd like you to take is that we
00:18:01.909 00:18:01.919 talked about petroleum refining and
00:18:04.270 00:18:04.280 specifically about fractional
00:18:06.409 00:18:06.419 distillation and if you remember here's
00:18:09.110 00:18:09.120 a very simple diagram of our fractional
00:18:11.720 00:18:11.730 distillation column with our different
00:18:14.120 00:18:14.130 fractions coming off and if you remember
00:18:16.549 00:18:16.559 that down the bottom is higher
00:18:22.279 00:18:22.289 temperatures
00:18:25.570 00:18:25.580 temperatures and at the top was lower
00:18:30.440 00:18:30.450 temperatures lower temperatures so the
00:18:37.010 00:18:37.020 smaller the hydrocarbon the higher up
00:18:40.790 00:18:40.800 the fractional distillation column it
00:18:42.320 00:18:42.330 will elute or come off and the longer
00:18:45.260 00:18:45.270 the hydrocarbon chain the lower down the
00:18:48.680 00:18:48.690 fractional distillation column it will
00:18:50.540 00:18:50.550 come off and this is due to dispersion
00:18:53.660 00:18:53.670 forces so the longer the chain the more
00:18:56.930 00:18:56.940 electrons negative negative negative and
00:18:59.000 00:18:59.010 the more electrons the stronger those
00:19:01.220 00:19:01.230 weak dispersion forces
00:19:02.600 00:19:02.610 so therefore this temperature for
00:19:04.760 00:19:04.770 example four hundred degrees is of
00:19:09.110 00:19:09.120 course hotter at the bottom then at the
00:19:10.910 00:19:10.920 top and they're the main points that I'd
00:19:13.190 00:19:13.200 like you to take from today's lesson so
00:19:16.040 00:19:16.050 that's all for now and thank you
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