/ News & Press / Video / √ Production of Ethylene _ Production of Materials _ Chemistry-
√ Production of Ethylene _ Production of Materials _ Chemistry-
WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en
00:00:08.090 hi everyone today we continue talking 00:00:10.87900:00:10.889 about the production of materials and 00:00:12.58900:00:12.599 our second topic is called the 00:00:14.41900:00:14.429 production of ethylene and petroleum 00:00:16.40000:00:16.410 fractions now ethylene is the same thing 00:00:19.37000:00:19.380 as a theme it has a chemical formula of 00:00:24.40000:00:24.410 c2h4 and its chemical structure looks 00:00:27.98000:00:27.990 like this with a double bond between the 00:00:30.67900:00:30.689 two carbon atoms now ethene and ethylene 00:00:35.60000:00:35.610 are the same thing so don't get confused 00:00:37.63900:00:37.649 and I'll tell you why in a little while 00:00:39.97000:00:39.980 so let's start by looking at this 00:00:41.99000:00:42.000 picture this is something called a 00:00:43.72900:00:43.739 catalytic cracker which we'll be talking 00:00:45.68000:00:45.690 about shortly and what happens is crude 00:00:48.44000:00:48.450 oil and various fractions go into the 00:00:51.04900:00:51.059 catalytic cracker and we come out with a 00:00:53.09000:00:53.100 theme or ethylene now I'm going to write 00:00:56.18000:00:56.190 up here c2h4 that's our target compound 00:00:59.93000:00:59.940 which is what we want to produce and 00:01:01.93900:01:01.949 I'll tell you why as we go along 00:01:04.89900:01:04.909 so looking at the uses of petroleum 00:01:07.49000:01:07.500 fractions if you remember back to last 00:01:09.32000:01:09.330 lesson I discuss a fractionating column 00:01:12.67900:01:12.689 or fractional distillation where we put 00:01:15.92000:01:15.930 crude oil in and we get different 00:01:17.69000:01:17.700 fractions out at different boiling 00:01:19.85000:01:19.860 points if you remember the lower boiling 00:01:22.58000:01:22.590 points were at the top of the column BP 00:01:25.73000:01:25.740 for boiling point and the higher boiling 00:01:28.31000:01:28.320 points came out lower down the column so 00:01:33.56000:01:33.570 the larger the molecule comes out at a 00:01:36.10900:01:36.119 higher boiling point and the lower ones 00:01:37.94000:01:37.950 at the top the shorter ones now I'll 00:01:41.33000:01:41.340 just rub that out of the way for you so 00:01:42.77000:01:42.780 you can see the lighter fractions the 00:01:45.23000:01:45.240 ones at the top are used in fuels such 00:01:47.53900:01:47.549 as petrol and LPG 00:01:49.31000:01:49.320 and also in petroleum excuse me 00:01:52.39900:01:52.409 petrochemical manufacture such as these 00:01:54.77000:01:54.780 products here plastics solvents 00:01:56.87000:01:56.880 adhesives all sorts of things that you 00:01:58.96900:01:58.979 see around you every single day the 00:02:01.88000:02:01.890 heavier fractions that come out of the 00:02:03.41000:02:03.420 column down here they're also used in 00:02:05.63000:02:05.640 fuels but also for lubrication 00:02:07.37000:02:07.380 applications and many other things 00:02:09.52900:02:09.539 example a heavier fraction would be 00:02:11.83900:02:11.849 kerosene 00:02:16.15000:02:16.160 so now let's look at the composition of 00:02:18.95000:02:18.960 typical Austrian crude oil now the 00:02:21.53000:02:21.540 majority is petrol there's some diesel 00:02:23.54000:02:23.550 some kerosene but what I want you to 00:02:26.12000:02:26.130 take from this diagram is that there's 00:02:27.98000:02:27.990 many different things in crude oil and 00:02:31.75000:02:31.760 unfortunately the shorter chain 00:02:33.83000:02:33.840 hydrocarbons there aren't too many of 00:02:35.90000:02:35.910 them we get lots and lots of longer 00:02:37.58000:02:37.590 chain hydrocarbons but not too many 00:02:40.16000:02:40.170 shorter chains so what we need to do to 00:02:43.22000:02:43.230 get shorter chains or our target 00:02:45.68000:02:45.690 compounds ethylene is to crack these 00:02:48.32000:02:48.330 longer chains into shorter chains so if 00:02:51.53000:02:51.540 you imagine this as a long chain 00:02:52.82000:02:52.830 hydrocarbon for example with ten carbon 00:02:56.12000:02:56.130 atoms if we crack it like that for 00:03:00.02000:03:00.030 example and we can turn it into shorter 00:03:02.93000:03:02.940 chains so a good analogy of that would 00:03:05.72000:03:05.730 be to think of an egg if you had the 00:03:07.46000:03:07.470 whole egg it would be one large egg 00:03:11.21000:03:11.220 shell if you crack it 00:03:12.92000:03:12.930 it goes into many many smaller parts of 00:03:15.98000:03:15.990 egg shell and that's what we're doing 00:03:17.60000:03:17.610 here so when you hear the word cracking 00:03:19.40000:03:19.410 which is important to remember for this 00:03:21.29000:03:21.300 part of the topic think of longer or 00:03:23.75000:03:23.760 bigger going into shorter okay so 00:03:28.47900:03:28.489 alkanes now they're useful as fuel like 00:03:32.06000:03:32.070 this one which is propane but 00:03:34.22000:03:34.230 unfortunately they're not very reactive 00:03:35.93000:03:35.940 because they're saturated which means 00:03:39.10000:03:39.110 saturated compounds mean that the carbon 00:03:41.90000:03:41.910 atoms are bound to all the hydrogen 00:03:44.24000:03:44.250 atoms there are no other places that it 00:03:46.04000:03:46.050 can bind to any hydrogen atoms there are 00:03:48.17000:03:48.180 no bonds that can be broken and that's 00:03:50.24000:03:50.250 what we call saturated so if you think 00:03:52.22000:03:52.230 if you polished 00:03:52.97000:03:52.980 excuse me polyunsaturated marjorine for 00:03:55.76000:03:55.770 example unsaturated saturated 00:03:58.28000:03:58.290 unsaturated people are thinking do we do 00:04:00.68000:04:00.690 we eat butter do eat 00:04:01.64000:04:01.650 Marjorie what's saturated what's on such 00:04:03.50000:04:03.510 red now you can tell your friends 00:04:05.38000:04:05.390 saturated means that it's all single 00:04:08.09000:04:08.100 bonds 00:04:08.51000:04:08.520 so therefore unsaturated means that 00:04:12.86000:04:12.870 there's either a double or a triple bond 00:04:14.99000:04:15.000 so alkenes are unsaturated molecules 00:04:18.56000:04:18.570 which means that this bond this double 00:04:22.25000:04:22.260 bond can 00:04:23.29000:04:23.300 broken and other atoms can come along 00:04:25.74900:04:25.759 and bind here so therefore these alkenes 00:04:31.68900:04:31.699 are more reactive than alkanes and if 00:04:35.37900:04:35.389 you think about it we'll talk about our 00:04:37.42000:04:37.430 kinds eventually but if you think about 00:04:39.79000:04:39.800 reactivity an alkene is more reactive 00:04:43.62900:04:43.639 than an alkane and similarly an alkyne 00:04:51.08900:04:51.099 with a triple bond is more reactive than 00:04:54.39900:04:54.409 an alkyne but we'll go into that in a 00:04:57.52000:04:57.530 different topic area just rub that so 00:05:02.86000:05:02.870 because at the double bond of the 00:05:05.55900:05:05.569 alkenes are more reactive it's ideal for 00:05:08.58900:05:08.599 the synthesis of petrochemicals because 00:05:10.83900:05:10.849 we can break that bond by various 00:05:12.61000:05:12.620 synthetic procedures and add on 00:05:14.80000:05:14.810 different atoms thus creating completely 00:05:17.17000:05:17.180 different molecules for different uses 00:05:20.49000:05:20.500 so what we're talking about today is the 00:05:23.26000:05:23.270 production of ethylene now this is 00:05:26.92000:05:26.930 ethylene here c2h4 our target molecule 00:05:30.26900:05:30.279 it's versatile and widely used in the 00:05:33.42000:05:33.430 petrochemical industry and it's the raw 00:05:36.93900:05:36.949 raw material for production of plastics 00:05:39.43000:05:39.440 and industrial chemistry chemicals 00:05:41.64900:05:41.659 excuse me such as paints and solvents 00:05:44.70000:05:44.710 now the proportion of ethene found 00:05:47.40900:05:47.419 naturally in petroleum unfortunately is 00:05:49.33000:05:49.340 very small but we as humans have a very 00:05:52.08900:05:52.099 high demand for ethylene so because we 00:05:54.67000:05:54.680 can only get so much out of petroleum 00:05:56.17000:05:56.180 we've found new and inventive ways to 00:05:59.26000:05:59.270 get more ething out of petroleum so for 00:06:02.14000:06:02.150 example if this is petroleum this is a 00:06:04.99000:06:05.000 barrel of petroleum we might only get 00:06:07.30000:06:07.310 that much easy for example we need more 00:06:10.65900:06:10.669 than that may be our demand is this much 00:06:12.64000:06:12.650 that's how much a thing we need so what 00:06:15.70000:06:15.710 we do is we use the leftover parts to 00:06:18.76000:06:18.770 produce ething and that's how do we do 00:06:21.43000:06:21.440 that that's what we're about to discover 00:06:23.12900:06:23.139 now I did mention cracking 00:06:26.09000:06:26.100 and that's how we get more easy so we 00:06:30.05000:06:30.060 crack longer chain fractions into the 00:06:33.02000:06:33.030 smaller chain fractions that's catalytic 00:06:35.45000:06:35.460 cracking there's two types of cracking 00:06:38.84000:06:38.850 catalytic cracking and thermal cracking 00:06:41.27000:06:41.280 and you'll need to remember this let's 00:06:44.18000:06:44.190 start by looking at catalytic cracking 00:06:45.92000:06:45.930 we start with a long chain hydrocarbon 00:06:49.12000:06:49.130 for example one Meath eath pro buttes 00:06:53.48000:06:53.490 pent hex HEPT ox non let's say nine nine 00:07:00.32000:07:00.330 carbons crack it down and we'll get our 00:07:03.50000:07:03.510 target molecule and a byproduct which 00:07:06.86000:07:06.870 we'll discuss later but just imagine a 00:07:09.05000:07:09.060 longer molecule going into shorter 00:07:11.93000:07:11.940 molecules now when we do this we put it 00:07:17.00000:07:17.010 in the catalytic cracker if you remember 00:07:18.65000:07:18.660 that picture of the catalytic cracker 00:07:21.11000:07:21.120 and the longer chains that go in we call 00:07:24.14000:07:24.150 feedstocks okay you'll need to remember 00:07:26.63000:07:26.640 that term as well that's an important 00:07:28.37000:07:28.380 word to remember so here's our catalytic 00:07:31.16000:07:31.170 cracker our feedstocks go into this 00:07:33.56000:07:33.570 cracker and what comes out is ethylene 00:07:38.33000:07:38.340 so let's imagine that this is our 00:07:40.88000:07:40.890 reaction vessel okay this is a very 00:07:44.09000:07:44.100 large reaction vessel a reaction vessel 00:07:46.61000:07:46.620 nonetheless so in go the long-chain 00:07:49.79000:07:49.800 hydrocarbons whatever lengths they may 00:07:52.19000:07:52.200 be now they could be different lengths 00:07:53.84000:07:53.850 and we'll get to that and outcomes c2h4 00:07:58.51000:07:58.520 I'll just move that over so you can see 00:08:02.29000:08:02.300 excuse me for a moment 00:08:04.31000:08:04.320 I'll put it just over here 00:08:07.61000:08:07.620 okay so our long chains go into the 00:08:10.34000:08:10.350 reaction vessel and out come our target 00:08:14.12000:08:14.130 and a byproduct or many byproducts 00:08:18.23000:08:18.240 depending on the reaction but what we 00:08:20.66000:08:20.670 need for this to go forward is a 00:08:22.85000:08:22.860 catalyst otherwise the reaction is very 00:08:25.10000:08:25.110 very slow and the activation energy is 00:08:27.08000:08:27.090 very very high so we use a catalyst and 00:08:29.66000:08:29.670 they're called zeolites which is an 00:08:31.99000:08:32.000 aluminosilicate now from the name 00:08:34.96000:08:34.970 aluminosilicate you can probably think 00:08:37.13000:08:37.140 Illume hmm 00:08:38.33000:08:38.340 aluminium yes amino oxygen and silicate 00:08:44.06000:08:44.070 silicon so they're inorganic melt mop 00:08:47.06000:08:47.070 excuse me 00:08:47.81000:08:47.820 molecules made of aluminium oxygen and 00:08:50.53000:08:50.540 silicon the temperature in this vessel 00:08:55.91000:08:55.920 is around about 500 degrees Celsius 00:08:57.92000:08:57.930 which is pretty high and the pressure is 00:09:00.92000:09:00.930 just above atmospheric now atmospheric 00:09:04.91000:09:04.920 pressure is approximately 100 and 1.3 00:09:09.97000:09:09.980 kiloPascals so in there it would be 00:09:12.44000:09:12.450 around about 105 110 so looking at an 00:09:17.72000:09:17.730 example now what we take is a longer 00:09:20.99000:09:21.000 alkane and we get a shorter alkane and 00:09:23.33000:09:23.340 an alkene in this case of course our 00:09:26.84000:09:26.850 target compound ethylene so here it 00:09:29.42000:09:29.430 shows you decane 10 carbons means deck 00:09:32.69000:09:32.700 the prefix deck going to c8h18 another 00:09:36.89000:09:36.900 alkane now there's eight carbons so the 00:09:41.18000:09:41.190 prefix the prefix is acht octane and 00:09:45.82000:09:45.830 ethylene 00:09:48.47000:09:48.480 now looking at zeolite our catalyst this 00:09:52.29000:09:52.300 is quite important as I said it's an 00:09:54.60000:09:54.610 inorganic crystal and if we imagine our 00:09:58.82900:09:58.839 reaction vessel again we've got our 00:10:00.60000:10:00.610 longer chains coming into the reaction 00:10:02.75900:10:02.769 vessel so in they go and here is our 00:10:09.56000:10:09.570 zeolite catalyst a very large drawing of 00:10:12.90000:10:12.910 a zeolite catalyst and on the outside of 00:10:15.15000:10:15.160 the zeolite catalyst or the crystal it 00:10:17.10000:10:17.110 has pause now these pores are able to 00:10:20.55000:10:20.560 adsorb with a D ad sorb the reaction 00:10:29.61000:10:29.620 molecules so what happens is I'll just 00:10:33.12000:10:33.130 tell you adsorb I was going to describe 00:10:34.98000:10:34.990 to you means as opposed to absorb when 00:10:37.56000:10:37.570 something is going in ads orb means just 00:10:40.35000:10:40.360 stick to or cling to so it's just 00:10:42.24000:10:42.250 clinging to the surface of this crystal 00:10:44.13000:10:44.140 so for example it comes in and just 00:10:46.35000:10:46.360 sticks to it and by doing so if you 00:10:48.69000:10:48.700 imagine one of these long hydrocarbons 00:10:51.24000:10:51.250 sticking to one of the pores the 00:10:54.35000:10:54.360 aluminosilicate the radical reaction 00:10:56.91000:10:56.920 that's going on there will actually 00:10:58.26000:10:58.270 weaken the bonds of these long 00:10:59.91000:10:59.920 hydrocarbons and by weakening them 00:11:03.71000:11:03.720 they'll split up and you'll get shorter 00:11:06.32900:11:06.339 chains coming off so there you get your 00:11:09.24000:11:09.250 ethylene and your by-product your other 00:11:12.09000:11:12.100 alkane okay so that's what an 00:11:14.40000:11:14.410 aluminosilicate does and we need that 00:11:17.55000:11:17.560 catalyst it speeds up the reaction it 00:11:19.53000:11:19.540 increases the yield of our product and 00:11:23.72000:11:23.730 aluminosilicates 00:11:24.90000:11:24.910 can be specifically synthesized in 00:11:27.63000:11:27.640 laboratories so that it will have 00:11:32.34000:11:32.350 specific pore sizes depending on the 00:11:34.62000:11:34.630 length of the hydrocarbon chain so if 00:11:37.86000:11:37.870 you think back to this is a very 00:11:39.87000:11:39.880 simplistic way to think but it's a good 00:11:41.63900:11:41.649 way to remember do you think back to 00:11:43.38000:11:43.390 when you were little and you had a block 00:11:46.07900:11:46.089 a block set and you had to put the right 00:11:48.81000:11:48.820 blocks in the right holes and only the 00:11:51.12000:11:51.130 triangle block would fit in the triangle 00:11:53.00900:11:53.019 hole and the circle into the circle etc 00:11:55.94900:11:55.959 and aluminosilicate is pretty much like 00:11:58.53000:11:58.540 that we can make pore sizes 00:12:01.14000:12:01.150 either small or bigger or medium that'll 00:12:05.19000:12:05.200 be the same but we can make them how we 00:12:08.01000:12:08.020 want them for the specific chain length 00:12:09.81000:12:09.820 of that hydrocarbon which is great so we 00:12:12.57000:12:12.580 can control the products that are formed 00:12:14.37000:12:14.380 by wood it whichever hydro comb we have 00:12:17.01000:12:17.020 see 10 will make holes the right size 00:12:19.56000:12:19.570 that's a c10 that's the right size for 00:12:22.05000:12:22.060 that we'll use that zeolite for this 00:12:23.91000:12:23.920 particular reaction so now on to the 00:12:30.54000:12:30.550 other type of cracking we've just looked 00:12:33.54000:12:33.550 at catalytic cracking now the other type 00:12:35.40000:12:35.410 is steam cracking they in steam cracking 00:12:37.95000:12:37.960 they don't use a catalyst they use very 00:12:40.44000:12:40.450 very high temperature conditions which 00:12:42.48000:12:42.490 is costly because to get the temperature 00:12:44.34000:12:44.350 up higher you need to put more energy in 00:12:46.68000:12:46.690 so that's that's more costly and 00:12:48.89000:12:48.900 unfortunately with steam cracking it's 00:12:51.06000:12:51.070 difficult to control the end products so 00:12:53.45000:12:53.460 catalytic cracking it seems to be more 00:12:55.92000:12:55.930 specific what happens in steam cracking 00:12:59.82000:12:59.830 is that you start with an alkane and 00:13:02.00000:13:02.010 usually a relatively short alkane and 00:13:04.83000:13:04.840 you end up with a small alkyne our end 00:13:07.59000:13:07.600 product and a byproduct in the case of e 00:13:11.01000:13:11.020 Thane our by-product is hydrogen so a 00:13:15.66000:13:15.670 mixture of the gaseous alkane is 00:13:17.85000:13:17.860 introduced and steam is passed through a 00:13:20.64000:13:20.650 hot metal tube and as they go down the 00:13:23.01000:13:23.020 tube at a very high temperature 750 to 00:13:26.40000:13:26.410 900 degrees so it's it's higher than 00:13:28.85000:13:28.860 catalytic cracking the pressure is about 00:13:32.13000:13:32.140 the same 101 point just above 00:13:34.10000:13:34.110 atmospheric and you'll get your end 00:13:37.89000:13:37.900 product which is ethylene so here it I'm 00:13:40.68000:13:40.690 going to give you two examples this one 00:13:42.48000:13:42.490 we've shown for you which is e Thane so 00:13:46.23000:13:46.240 if we start with ethane and we go 00:13:49.08000:13:49.090 through the steam cracking process which 00:13:50.85000:13:50.860 is this metal tube that I described we 00:13:53.79000:13:53.800 get F alene and our byproduct is 00:13:55.56000:13:55.570 hydrogen gas now we thought byproducts 00:13:58.44000:13:58.450 as I spoke about before with all 00:14:00.30000:14:00.310 reactions there's a byproduct with all 00:14:02.67000:14:02.680 byproducts they can either use the 00:14:04.80000:14:04.810 hydrogen gas for another purpose or they 00:14:07.59000:14:07.600 dispose in industry they dispose of it 00:14:09.51000:14:09.520 in the whatever way they choose 00:14:11.94000:14:11.950 so what we start with is a theme going 00:14:14.43000:14:14.440 through the steam cracking process we 00:14:16.53000:14:16.540 get ethylene and hydrogen gas now for 00:14:19.11000:14:19.120 propane which is three carbons Meath 00:14:22.62000:14:22.630 eighth probe now just think about while 00:14:27.72000:14:27.730 I'm drawing this what do you think the 00:14:29.61000:14:29.620 end the byproducts will be we know the 00:14:32.28000:14:32.290 end product is going to be ethylene 00:14:33.75000:14:33.760 because that's what we're doing we're 00:14:35.37000:14:35.380 steam cracking I'll just say SC for 00:14:37.71000:14:37.720 steam cracking we know we're going to 00:14:39.81000:14:39.820 get ethylene c2h4 this one what's our 00:14:44.75900:14:44.769 end product so let's look at both sides 00:14:47.00900:14:47.019 of the equation 00:14:47.97000:14:47.980 now think about conservation of energy 00:14:49.92000:14:49.930 which is the basis of all our chemistry 00:14:52.11000:14:52.120 which means you cannot create or destroy 00:14:54.48000:14:54.490 matter so let's start by counting 00:14:57.18000:14:57.190 carbons on the left and the right see 00:14:59.51900:14:59.529 what we left over with on the Left we've 00:15:01.74000:15:01.750 got 3 carbons on the right there's only 00:15:03.72000:15:03.730 two so our product must have one carbon 00:15:07.13900:15:07.149 now count the hydrogen's whoops 00:15:09.99000:15:10.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 on the left 4 on the 00:15:13.88900:15:13.899 right 8 minus 4 you've got four left 00:15:16.62000:15:16.630 what's that methane okay so that's the 00:15:20.43000:15:20.440 byproduct of steam cracking propane so 00:15:24.68900:15:24.699 our two main compounds that we steam 00:15:26.91000:15:26.920 cracker either ethane or propane they 00:15:29.97000:15:29.980 both produce ethylene and a byproduct 00:15:32.34000:15:32.350 whether it be hydrogen or methane so 00:15:36.42000:15:36.430 that's the end of our theory for now so 00:15:39.44900:15:39.459 what I want you to remember and what 00:15:41.13000:15:41.140 I've discussed today are the ways in 00:15:43.80000:15:43.810 which we can produce ethylene and why we 00:15:46.71000:15:46.720 do why we do that is because ethylene is 00:15:48.99000:15:49.000 needed in the petrochemical industry for 00:15:51.48000:15:51.490 so many different applications which 00:15:53.61000:15:53.620 we'll talk about in our next topic which 00:15:55.35000:15:55.360 will be the applications and the 00:15:57.42000:15:57.430 reactions of ethylene but today we're 00:15:59.67000:15:59.680 talking about the users and excuse me 00:16:01.88900:16:01.899 how we actually extract ethylene and 00:16:04.68000:16:04.690 synthesize ethylene because when we get 00:16:07.68000:16:07.690 our crude oil and our petroleum there's 00:16:10.88900:16:10.899 very little a theme but we need anything 00:16:13.41000:16:13.420 and that's because it's more reactive 00:16:15.42000:16:15.430 than alkanes and we can use it because 00:16:18.66000:16:18.670 of its double bond 00:16:20.18000:16:20.190 so let us now look at some questions and 00:16:22.30900:16:22.319 we'll start with question 6 what is the 00:16:26.26900:16:26.279 difference between a saturated compound 00:16:28.28000:16:28.290 and an unsaturated compound okay if you 00:16:32.38900:16:32.399 remember I told you that a saturated 00:16:35.09000:16:35.100 compound has carbon atoms with only 00:16:38.03000:16:38.040 single bonds so no bond can be broken 00:16:40.97000:16:40.980 here with another hydrogen coming along 00:16:44.03000:16:44.040 so you cannot put any more hydrogen 00:16:45.88900:16:45.899 atoms on that molecule so let's name it 00:16:48.49900:16:48.509 while we're here me ether can't 00:16:51.71000:16:51.720 so that's pentane so all our Canes are 00:16:55.90000:16:55.910 saturated compounds so similarly an 00:17:02.62900:17:02.639 unsaturated compound is a compound that 00:17:05.32900:17:05.339 has at least one or more double or 00:17:07.76000:17:07.770 triple bonds which means that the double 00:17:11.09000:17:11.100 bonds can be broken and a new atom can 00:17:14.09000:17:14.100 come along and bind to it whether it be 00:17:16.73000:17:16.740 hydrogen or something else now don't be 00:17:19.57900:17:19.589 scared by this X X just means it could 00:17:22.03900:17:22.049 be any other atom X just means it's not 00:17:24.67900:17:24.689 hydrogen X means any other atom 00:17:32.08000:17:32.090 so because these double or triple bonds 00:17:36.19000:17:36.200 are so reactive they can be broken and 00:17:38.50000:17:38.510 other atoms can come along and bind to 00:17:41.14000:17:41.150 them for example which will look out in 00:17:43.54000:17:43.550 the next topic we can break this bond 00:17:45.64000:17:45.650 and we can brick we can bring along a 00:17:47.98000:17:47.990 bromine atom for example and that can go 00:17:51.19000:17:51.200 in there and become the X and then we 00:17:53.74000:17:53.750 would have bromine atoms there the work 00:17:57.58000:17:57.590 there before and the great thing about 00:17:59.35000:17:59.360 this is that by putting bromine atoms 00:18:01.54000:18:01.550 there that is a completely different 00:18:03.28000:18:03.290 molecule than pentane which we have here 00:18:06.04000:18:06.050 and it has different properties and 00:18:07.69000:18:07.700 different uses so that's why double and 00:18:10.09000:18:10.100 triple bonds are so important for the 00:18:12.37000:18:12.380 petrochemical industry because when they 00:18:14.05000:18:14.060 break them they put a new element in 00:18:15.91000:18:15.920 there and you have a different compound 00:18:17.77000:18:17.780 which we can use for all sorts of 00:18:19.90000:18:19.910 different things so now let's look at 00:18:23.29000:18:23.300 question 7 provide our you pack names 00:18:25.90000:18:25.910 for the following now are you pack 00:18:28.45000:18:28.460 stands for the International Union of 00:18:30.46000:18:30.470 pure and applied chemistry and it's the 00:18:33.43000:18:33.440 way that we name all chemical compounds 00:18:35.26000:18:35.270 all around the world so let's start with 00:18:38.17000:18:38.180 Part A when we're naming carbon 00:18:40.87000:18:40.880 compounds we always start by counting 00:18:42.79000:18:42.800 the number of carbon atoms and that will 00:18:45.10000:18:45.110 be the first thing we look at 00:18:46.75000:18:46.760 so the prefix will always be the number 00:18:52.90000:18:52.910 of carbon atoms so Meath eath pro Butte 00:18:56.17000:18:56.180 pent so this will start with pent that's 00:19:01.96000:19:01.970 the first thing we do and then we look 00:19:03.91000:19:03.920 at the suffix the suffix is whether it's 00:19:07.45000:19:07.460 an alkane and alkene or an alkyne and 00:19:10.06000:19:10.070 that's to do with the bonding so because 00:19:12.37000:19:12.380 it has all single bonds 00:19:13.66000:19:13.670 it's an alkane so our suffix will be a 00:19:19.35000:19:19.360 pentane so that's part a let's look at 00:19:24.04000:19:24.050 the second one again start with the 00:19:26.23000:19:26.240 prefix 00:19:28.50900:19:28.519 how many carbons me faith Butte pent hex 00:19:33.08000:19:33.090 so our prefix is hex let's look at our 00:19:36.79900:19:36.809 suffix now we have a double bond so it's 00:19:39.71000:19:39.720 now Keene so our ending is going to be 00:19:42.16900:19:42.179 in but it doesn't end here 00:19:47.09000:19:47.100 with alkenes and alkynes you have to 00:19:49.39900:19:49.409 look at where the double or triple bond 00:19:51.83000:19:51.840 is because that's important for what 00:19:54.56000:19:54.570 goes at the start of this molecule name 00:19:56.93000:19:56.940 the name of the molecule so this will be 00:20:00.95000:20:00.960 part 3 for double and triple bonds only 00:20:03.49000:20:03.500 so now what we do is we count in between 00:20:06.79900:20:06.809 the carbon carbon bonds so this bond 00:20:09.79900:20:09.809 will name one we always go from left to 00:20:12.74000:20:12.750 right and we name the bonds we number 00:20:15.79900:20:15.809 them 3 4 5 you don't name them between 00:20:23.09000:20:23.100 carbon and hydrogen's only between 00:20:24.68000:20:24.690 carbon and carbon so where's our double 00:20:27.04900:20:27.059 bond it's at number 3 so we put a 3 in 00:20:30.04900:20:30.059 front so this is 3 hex in ok so the 00:20:43.07000:20:43.080 final one Part C start with the carbons 00:20:46.46000:20:46.470 Smith eath pro so pro what's our ending 00:20:52.31000:20:52.320 double bond alkene propane now do we 00:20:56.84000:20:56.850 always have to look and count the 00:20:58.39900:20:58.409 carbons one two but the thing is because 00:21:02.14900:21:02.159 this molecule can be flipped over and it 00:21:06.16900:21:06.179 will look the same if for example you 00:21:08.50900:21:08.519 were looking from the other side of the 00:21:09.83000:21:09.840 blackboard this way you would see that 00:21:12.86000:21:12.870 it's exactly the same both sides so you 00:21:14.99000:21:15.000 don't need the numbers it reads 00:21:16.74900:21:16.759 backwards and forwards the same way so 00:21:19.34000:21:19.350 this will just be propane so while I'm 00:21:23.57000:21:23.580 here I'll give you one more example and 00:21:25.63900:21:25.649 see if we can name this ok one 00:21:34.03000:21:34.040 okay let's try this 00:21:40.00000:21:40.010 right as always start with the hydrogen 00:21:42.82000:21:42.830 excuse me start with the carbons meet 00:21:44.79900:21:44.809 eath Pro you can't hex caps so it's hips 00:21:49.14000:21:49.150 look at the ending double bond n count 00:21:53.89000:21:53.900 the carbon bonds 1 2 3 4 5 & 6 so this 00:22:02.50000:22:02.510 molecule here will be 4 - don't forget 00:22:06.07000:22:06.080 the - that's very important for - hep 00:22:09.34000:22:09.350 teen okay 00:22:11.38000:22:11.390 so we'll move on to our next question 00:22:13.36000:22:13.370 now question 8 the following equation 00:22:18.10000:22:18.110 represents a process used in the 00:22:19.99000:22:20.000 production of ethylene from petroleum 00:22:22.29900:22:22.309 fractions what is the name of this 00:22:24.31000:22:24.320 process well as we've been discussing 00:22:27.09000:22:27.100 throughout this topic we're producing 00:22:31.33000:22:31.340 ethylene there's a catalyst so you've 00:22:35.32000:22:35.330 got to start thinking cracking yeah it's 00:22:38.32000:22:38.330 kind of let it cracking so what's 00:22:41.56000:22:41.570 happening is we have a long chain 00:22:42.90900:22:42.919 molecule in this case c8 octane going to 00:22:47.20000:22:47.210 ethylene and Ethan Ethan excuse me so 00:22:53.83000:22:53.840 again longer chains broken down into 00:22:56.28900:22:56.299 shorter chains is catalytic cracking 00:22:58.63000:22:58.640 so if you see catalyst always think 00:23:00.73000:23:00.740 catalytic cracking that will help you in 00:23:03.25000:23:03.260 answering these kind of questions 00:23:11.40000:23:11.410 so that's our answer 00:23:13.97000:23:13.980 question 9 the following chemical 00:23:16.39900:23:16.409 reaction occurs during the cracking of 00:23:18.50000:23:18.510 hydrocarbon molecules 00:23:19.93000:23:19.940 c18 going to to c8 + Z what is the name 00:23:25.66900:23:25.679 of Zed 00:23:26.36000:23:26.370 well I touched on this a bit earlier so 00:23:28.90900:23:28.919 let's go through it we start with C 18 00:23:32.47000:23:32.480 so when you see it a question like this 00:23:35.36000:23:35.370 and you have a Z and you have to figure 00:23:37.10000:23:37.110 out what is this compound what you do 00:23:39.47000:23:39.480 think about conservation of energy same 00:23:41.50900:23:41.519 number of atoms on the left should be 00:23:43.34000:23:43.350 the same number of atoms on the right so 00:23:45.64900:23:45.659 I always start by going how many carbon 00:23:47.48000:23:47.490 atoms are on the left there's 18 how 00:23:50.29900:23:50.309 many hydrogen atoms are on the left 36 00:23:53.79900:23:53.809 goes to how many carbon atoms on the 00:23:57.28900:23:57.299 right don't be confused never forget the 00:24:01.63900:24:01.649 two in front of a molecule there's 16 00:24:04.00900:24:04.019 carbons here so always keep thinking 00:24:06.59000:24:06.600 when you see questions 2 times 8 16 00:24:09.44000:24:09.450 carbons 2 times 16 32 hydrogen's okay 00:24:16.12900:24:16.139 don't forget that that's very very 00:24:17.65900:24:17.669 important plus said so how many carbon 00:24:20.81000:24:20.820 atoms are left over that will be here so 00:24:23.53900:24:23.549 let's just write actually put that just 00:24:26.29900:24:26.309 below so you can see how many carbon 00:24:28.19000:24:28.200 atoms are below the Zed how many 00:24:30.16900:24:30.179 hydrogen atoms for the Z 18 minus 16 so 00:24:35.62900:24:35.639 there's two of those how many hydrogen's 00:24:37.43000:24:37.440 left 36 minus 32 for c2h4 ethylene so 00:24:46.87000:24:46.880 there's our equation the balance is out 00:24:49.61000:24:49.620 and the answer of course is a theme or 00:24:52.25000:24:52.260 ethylene so when you get a question like 00:24:55.87900:24:55.889 this and you see a Z think that's great 00:24:57.86000:24:57.870 always balance out your carbons on the 00:25:00.50000:25:00.510 left and the right balance out your 00:25:02.57000:25:02.580 hydrogen's whatever left sorry about 00:25:06.23000:25:06.240 that I forgot the hydrogen's for even 00:25:08.89900:25:08.909 forgot to write that in yeah always 00:25:11.96000:25:11.970 think what's on the left what's on the 00:25:13.70000:25:13.710 right whatever's left over that's your 00:25:15.52900:25:15.539 mystery target compound 00:25:17.30000:25:17.310 and finally for today question 10 00:25:20.09000:25:20.100 describe the process of catalytic 00:25:22.19000:25:22.200 cracking now you should be experts by 00:25:24.44000:25:24.450 now at this one so it's a chemical 00:25:27.62000:25:27.630 process it uses a catalyst called 00:25:29.72000:25:29.730 zeolites which is an aluminosilicate to 00:25:33.17000:25:33.180 cut down longer chain hydrocarbons into 00:25:37.91000:25:37.920 shorter chain hydrocarbons and if you 00:25:40.52000:25:40.530 remember our lumen a silicate with its 00:25:43.13000:25:43.140 pores of specific size will take on 00:25:48.83000:25:48.840 these large hydrocarbons and break them 00:25:52.52000:25:52.530 down into smaller ones so remember in 00:25:56.96000:25:56.970 your answer to always write that there's 00:25:59.18000:25:59.190 a catalyst involved because it's a 00:26:00.59000:26:00.600 chemical reaction and remember the 00:26:03.35000:26:03.360 temperature it's 500 degrees and the 00:26:07.16000:26:07.170 pressure is just above atmospheric so 00:26:10.76000:26:10.770 that concludes today's discussion about 00:26:13.82000:26:13.830 the production of ethylene we discussed 00:26:16.31000:26:16.320 amongst other things 00:26:17.60000:26:17.610 how to produce it by either as we have 00:26:21.95000:26:21.960 here in my diagram my very poor diagram 00:26:24.56000:26:24.570 catalytic cracking using a zeolite as a 00:26:27.83000:26:27.840 catalyst and there's also something 00:26:29.93000:26:29.940 called thermal or steam cracking and the 00:26:33.64000:26:33.650 reason that we produce ethylene is 00:26:36.65000:26:36.660 because in petroleum there's very little 00:26:38.42000:26:38.430 ething in there and we have a very high 00:26:41.15000:26:41.160 demand for ethylene because we can make 00:26:43.61000:26:43.620 so many things out of it in the 00:26:44.93000:26:44.940 petrochemical industry now next topic 00:26:48.17000:26:48.180 we'll be talking about the things we can 00:26:49.67000:26:49.680 make by using ethylene so that's today's 00:26:53.74000:26:53.750 topic and next topic will be all about 00:26:56.87000:26:56.880 the uses of ethylene 00:27:00.77000:27:00.780 you
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